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ESSENTIALS 

MATERIA    MEDICA 

PHARMACY 

AND 

PRESCRIPTION  WRITING 


ARRANGED   IN    CONFORMITY  WITH  THE    CLASSIFICATION    IN  THE    LAST 

EDITION     OF     PROF.     H.     C.    WOOD'S     "THERAPEUTICS"     AND 

FOLLOWING  THE   COURSE  OF   PHARMACY  AS  TAUGHT 

IN     THE     UNIVERSITY    OF     PENNSYLVANIA 


EDWIN    A.  HELLER,  M.D. 
// 

QUIZ-MASTEK      IN     MATERIA     MEDICA     AND     PHARMACY     AT     THE     MEDICAL 
INSTITUTE,    UNIVERSITY   OF    PENNSYLVANIA 


PHILADELPHIA 
P.    BLAKISTON,    SON    &    CO 

IOI2   WALNUT    STREET 
1897 


G 


BIOLOGY  LIBRARY 


Copyright,  1897,  by  P.  Blakiston,  Son  &  Co. 


PRESS  OF  WM.   F.   FELL  &  CO. 

1220-24   SANSOM   ST., 

PHILADELPHIA. 


PREFACE. 


By  the  kind  permission  of  Prof.  H.  C.  Wood  the 
author  has  been  enabled  to  prepare  the  following 
volume.  The  definitions  are  mostly  those  given  by 
the  last  edition  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia. 
That  part  of  the  work  relating  to  pharnTacy  has  been 
arranged  with  special  reference  to  the  course  "as 
given  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Special 
attention  has  been  given  to  the  metric  system,  here- 
tofore too  much  neglected. 

The  author  trusts  that  this  little  work  will  lighten 
the  labors  co-existent  with  the  entrance  into  the 
study  of  materia  medica,  and  if  it  accomplishes  this 
end  he  will  feel  amply  repaid  for  the  care  and  ex- 
ertion required  to  compile  it. 

Edwin  A.  Heller. 

934  Franklin  Street,  Philadelphia, 


743120 


111 


CONTENTS 


PART  I. 


CHAPTER  I.  PAGE 
Definitions — Parts  of  a  Prescription — Kinds  of  Prescrip- 
tions, Superscription,  Inscription,      8 

CHAPTER  II. 
Apothecaries'  Weight  and  Measure — Domestic  Measures 
— Variation  in  Size  of  Drops, 17 

CHAPTER  III. 
Metric    System — Tables   for   the   Conversion  of  Apothe- 
caries' V/eight  and  Measure  into  Metric  and  vice  versa,  .       23 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Method  of  Writing  Prescriptions — Conversion  of  Prescrip- 
tions Written  in  One  System  into  the  Other, 35 

CHAPTER  V. 
The  Grammatical   Construction  of  Prescriptions — Use  of 
Tatin :  Reasons  therefor.  Rules  thereof — Parts  of  Speech 

— Abbreviations,      43 

V 


VI  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VI.  PAGE 
Directions  to  Apothecary — Latin  Phrases  and  Abbrevia- 
tions— Numerals, 6i 

CHAPTER  Vn. 
Administration  :    Modes  of,  Rules  for — Doses  :   Rules  for, 
for  Children — Cumulative  Action, 71 

CHAPTER  VHI. 
Combination  of  Medicines — Incompatibles, 77 

PART  II. 

CHAPTER  I. 
Materia  Medica — Pharmacy — Therapeutics — Officinal  and 
Non-officinal  Preparations, 85 

CHAPTER  II. 
Average  Doses — Tinctures,  Extracts,  Fluid  Extracts,  etc.,     117 

CHAPTER  III. 
Officinal  Drugs  and  Preparations — Important  Non-officinal 
Drugs — Doses, 121 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Poisons — Treatment  and  Antidotes,      359 


ADDENDA. 

List  of  Natural  Orders, 373 

Index,     383 


ERRATA. 

Page  115,  first  line,  should  read,  "Solutions  of  gun-cotton  in 
ether. 

Page  131,  third  line  from  bottom,  "contain  "  should  be  "  con- 
tains." 

Page  167,  tenth  line  from  bottom,  "  or  "  should  be  "  and." 


vill 


PART    I. 

PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


CHAPTER  I. 
DEFINITIONS.— PARTS    OF   A    PRESCRIPTION. 

The  word  prescription  (from  the  Latin /r^,  before, 
and  scriptiiviy  perfect  participle  of  scribo,  to  write, 
meaning,  written,),  was  at  one  time  understood  to 
mean  any  direction  whatever,  either  verbal  or 
written,  given  to  the  patient.  It  included  direc- 
tions as"  to  diet,  ventilation,  heat,  light  of  his 
apartment,  etc.  ;  in  fact,  any  direction  whatever 
relating  to  the  care  of  the  patient  or  his  surround- 
ings. 

At  present,  however,  a  prescription  is  generally 
understood  to  be  a  written  formula  containing  the 
names  and  quantities  of  a  drug  or  drugs,  together 
with  directions  to  the  apothecary  for  dispensing, 
and  directing  also  the  patient  as  to  the  manner, 
method,  and  frequency  of  administration. 

A  prescription  may  be  either  (i)  simple  or  (2) 
compound ;  and  the  formula  it  contains  may  be 
9 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PKESCRIPTION    WRITING.  II 

either  (i)  officinal  or  (2)  extemporaneous  or  magis- 
tral. 

A  simple  prescription  contains  but  one  in- 
gredient. 

Compound  prescriptions  always  contain  more 
than  one  ingredient. 

An  officinal  preparation  or  formula  is  one  pub- 
lished and  authorized  by  the  United  States  Pharma- 
copeia, and  although  it  may  contain  numerous  in- 
gredients, in  prescribing  it  is  necessary  to  write 
only  the  officinal  name,  together  with  the  dose  and 
directions. 

An  extemporaneous  or  magistral  formula  is 
one  composed  by  the  physician  to  suit  the  individual 
case. 

A  typical  prescription  consists  of: 

1.  The  superscription,  heading. 

2.  The  inscription,  names  and  quantities  of  the 
drugs  prescribed. 

3.  The  subscription,  directions  to  the  pharma- 
cist. 

4.  The  signature,  directions  to  patient. 

5.  Date,  and  the  signature  of  the  physician. 
I.   In    English    the    superscription    is    always    the 

symbol  B  ;  a  combination  of  R  from  recipe  (Latin, 
imperative  of  recipio),  take,  and  the  zodiac  sign  1,'. 
Originally,  prescriptions  were  always  begun  with  an 
invocation  to  Jove  or  Jupiter,  and  his  blessing  in- 
voked on  the  action  of  the  remedy,  whence  we  derive 


12  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION   WRITING.  1 3 

the  combination  of  the  R  and  i|.  When  Christianity 
supplanted  the  heathen  beliefs,  the  prayers  were 
abbreviated  and  changed  in  various  ways :  as,  a,  i2, 
the  beginning  and  end,  the  first  and  last,  the  alpha  and 
omega  of  everything;  JJ,  Juvante  Jesu  (Jesus  help- 
ing) ;  JD,  Juvante  Deo  (God  helping)  ;  ND,  Nomine 
Dei  (in  God's  name) ;  and  at  one  time  also  the 
simple  -f,  the  sign  of  the  cross.  But  all  these  have 
been  discarded  for  the  old  R.  In  France  P  or  Ps 
{prenez,  take,)  is  employed. 

II.  The  inscription,  or  body  of  the  prescription, 
contains  the  names  and  quantities  of  the  ingredients, 
and  in  a  typical  prescription  includes: 

1.  The  basis,  the  principal  active  agent. 

2.  The  adjuvant,  or  auxiliary  intended  to  aid 
and  increase  the  action  of  the  basis. 

3.  The  corrective  or  corrigent,  to  correct  or 
modify  one  or  both  of  the  above  two. 

4.  The  vehicle  or  excipient,  to  render  palat- 
able, assimilable,  or  easy  of  administration  the  entire 
prescription. 

The  old  maxim  of  Asclepiades,  "  Curare  cite  tute 
et  jucunde, ' '  might  be  applied  as  follows  : 

Curare     (cure),  with  the  Basis. 

Cite          (quickly),        "      '<    Adjuvant. 
Tute        (safely),  "      "    Corrective. 

et  Jucunde  (pleasantly),    "      "    Vehicle. 

The  names  of  the  ingredients  are  always  written  in 


14  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  1 5 

Latin  and  are  in  the  genitive  case,  governed  by 
recipe. 

The  quantities,  if  written  out  in  Latin,  which, 
however,  is  practically  never  done,  are  always  in  the 
accusative. 

The  subscription  or  instruction  as  to  method  of 
dispensing  is  always  in  Latin.  (A  list  of  the  prin- 
cipal phrases  will  be  found  on  pages  61-65.) 

The  signature,  written  Signa,  or  Sig.,  consists  of 
the  directions  to  the  patient,  is  always  in  English, 
and  should  always  be  as  simple  and  distinct  as  it  pos- 
sibly can  be  written.  Even  in  cases  where  it  is  desired 
to  conceal  from  the  pharmacist  the  purpose  for  which 
the  remedy  is  intended,  this  can  be  done  at  no  sacri- 
fice of  meaning;  e.  g.,  in  case  an  injection  should 
be  ordered  we  may  simply  sign,  **  Use  as  wash;" 
*'  Bathe  affected  part  two  or  three  times  daily,"  etc. 
Thus  the  druggist  is  often  unable  to  tell  if  the  pre- 
scription is  intended  for  eye,  mouth,  vagina,  urethra, 
or  other  part  of  the  body,  and  the  patient  protected 
both  while  procuring  his  prescription  and  at  home, 
should  the  preparation  be  seen  by  those  who  have 
no  right  to  do  so.  • 


I  6  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


CHAPTER  II. 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT  AND  MEASURE, 

At  present,  although  the  metric  system  is  really 
the  only  system  founded  on  a  definite  scientific  basis, 
both  the  apothecaries'  weight  and  measure  and 
the  metric  system  are  employed. 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT.       , 

20  grains  (gr.)  =  I  scruple. 
60  grains  or  3  scruples  ( ]^ )  =  i  dram. 
480  grains  or  8  drams  [^)  =1  ounce. 
5760  grains  or  96  drams  or  12  ounces  ( ^ )  =  i  pound. 

In  Latin,  respectively : 

Pound,    symbol  fb,  =  libra. 

Ounce,         "        ^ ,  =  uncia. 

Dram,  "        ^ ,  =  drachma. 

Scruple,        "        ^,  =  scrupulum. 

Grain,  **        gr. ,  =  granum. 

The  scruple  (9)  is  practically  obsolete,  because  if 
not  carefully  written  it  is  easily  confounded  with  the 
dram  (3),  and  thus  may  give  rise  to  serious  conse- 
quences. Amounts  less  than  one  dram  should  be 
expressed  in  grains. 

The  British  pharmacopeia  directs  that  the  pound 
should  contain  16  ounces,  each  of  them  equaling 
437.5  grains,  or  7000  grains  to  the  pound,  being 
17 


1 8  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.    ■        1 9 

considerably  more  than  our  pound.  This  must  be 
borne  in  mind  in  the  use  of  formulae  based  on  the 
British  standard. 

APOTHECARIES'  OR  WINE  MEASURE. 
60  minims  (TT\^)  =  i  fluidram. 

8  fluidrams  (f^)        -=  i  fluidounce,  or  8  f^,  or  480  TT\,. 
16  fluidounces  (f  ^ )  =  I  pint,  or  i6f^,ori28  f^,  or768oTT\^. 
8  pints  (O)  =  I  gallon  (C),  or    8   O,  or  128    f  ^  ,  or 

1024  f^,  or  61,440  ni. 

In  Latin,  respectively: 

The  gallon,      symbol    C,  =  congius. 
'<    pint,  "        O,  =  octarius. 

"    fluidounce,     *'      f  ^ ,  =  fluiduncia 
**    fluidram,         "      fg,  =z  fluidrachma. 
"    minim,  "       n^,  =  minimum. 

The  English  pin/  contains  20  fluidounces,  and  the 
fluidounce  equals  7  fluidrams  and  2}4  minims;  their 
mmt'm,  therefore,  is  equal  only  to  .96  of  ours,  theirs 
weighing  approximately  .91  of  a  grain,  while  ours  is 
equivalent  to  .95  of  a  grain. 

As   practically,  all    patients   are   unfamiliar   with 
apothecaries'  measure,  we  must  employ  some  domes- 
tic measure  fairly  equivalent  to  it,  and  for  that  pur- 
pose we  generally  consider — 
The  drop  =  a  minim. 

**    teaspoon         =  a  fluidram. 

'^    dessertspoon  =  2  fluidrams. 

"     tablespoon      =  4  fluidrams,  or  j^  of  a  fluidounce. 

*'    wineglass        =  2  fluidounces. 

**    teacup  =  4  fluidounces. 


20  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  21 

Naturally,  it  is  at  once  evident  that  as  the  drops 
of  some  liquids  are  much  larger  than  those  of  others, 
and  as  teaspoons  vary  greatly  in  capacity,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  balance,  the  method  is  faulty  and  not 
to  be  relied  upon  for  accurate  dosage. 

In  such  cases  it  is  necessary  to  procure  an  accurate 
graduate  at  once  and  use  only  this  in  giving  the 
medicine  to  the  patient. 

If  drops  are  ordered  (as  for  use  in  eye  work),  we 
may  order  a  pipet.  Should  we  desire  to  give  only 
minims  in  this  manner,  accurate  minim  pipets  may 
be  used.  That  the  size  of  drops  varies  greatly  may 
easily  be  seen  by  glancing  at  the  following  list  of 
drugs.     Drops  in  one  fluidram  : 


Dilute  sulphuric  acid 

=    54  to 

48 

Aromatic  sulphuric  acid 

=  115  " 

145 

Hydrocyanic  acid 

=    45  *' 

48 

Ether 

=  150  " 

160 

Chloroform 

=  180  " 

275 

Alcohol 

=  120  " 

143 

Castor  oil 

=    50- 

5« 

Tinct.  aconite 

=  115  *' 

125 

Tinct.  opium 

—  105  " 

145 

FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


CHAPTER  III. 
METRIC  SYSTEM. 

The  metric  system  now  used  practically  exclu- 
sively in  France  and  Germany  is  being  rapidly 
adopted  in  the  other  countries  of  Europe,  and  is 
making  rapid  progress,  as  it  deserves  to,  in  this 
country.  It  is  the  only  rational  system  of  weights 
and  measures  we  possess,  the  unit  of  length  being  the 
meter,  which  equals  one  forty-millionth  of  the 
earth's  circumference  through  the  poles,  or  one  ten- 
millionth  of  the  distance  from  the  pole  to  the  equator. 
It  equals  39. 37  inches,  being  3^  inches  (about) 
more  than  our  yard. 

The  gram,  the  unit  of  weight,  is  the  weight  of 
one  cubic  centimeter  (c.  c.)  of  water  at  its  greatest 
density  (4°  C.  or  39°  F.). 

In  writing  a  prescription  according  to  the  metric 
system,  if  we  desire  all  the  ingredients  to  be  weighed, 
we  merely  place  the  symbol  gm.  above  the  figures. 
If,  however,  the  liquids  are  to  be  measured,  we  write 
gm.  and  c.  c.  (cubic  centimeters). 

The   gram   (solid)    equals    15.432    grains.      The 
gram  (of  water)  measures  16.231  minims. 
23 


24  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


25 


The  subdivisions  of  the  units  are  formed  by  prefix- 
ing to  the  unit  the  Latin — 

Milli  (from   mille)    =^-  y^^^^  of  the  unit. 
Centi  (from  centtini)  ■=  -^-^  of  the  unit. 


Thus 


Deci  (from  decent) 

Two  decigrams 
Or  two  millimeters 
Or  one  centiliter 


of  the  unit. 


liter. 


,  The  multiples  of  the  units  are  formed  by  prefixing 
to  the  unit  the  Greek — 

Deca     (from  Ae/ca)      z=  10  times  the  unit. 
Hecto  (from  'E/carov)  =  100  times  the  unit. 
Kilo      (from  KtA^of)   =  looo  times  the  unit. 
Myria  (from  Wopiaq)  =  10,000  times  the  unit. 

Thus  : 

A  decaliter      =  10  liters. 

A  hectometer  ^=  lOO  meters. 

A  kilogram     =  looo  grams,  etc.  ' 


Thus  the  multiple  and  subdivisions  would  be  of 

the— 

Gram. 

Meter. 

Liter. 

Milligram, 

.  ^V(y  •    •  millimeter,      .    .  ^o^^^  . 

.  milliliter. 

Centigram, 

.   ^U    .    .  centimeter,     •    .   y^^   . 

.  centiliter. 

Decigram, 

.     yi^     .    .  decimeter,      .    .     ji^    . 

.  deciliter. 

Gram, 

meter,            .    . 

liter. 

Decagram, 

10  .    .  decameters,    .    .       10  . 

decaliters. 

Hectogram, 

.     100  .    .  hectometers,  .    .     loo  . 

.  hectoliters. 

Kilogram, 

.  1000  .    .  kilometers,     .    .  looo  . 

kiloliters. 

I  gram,  . 

•    15-432  grains,      i  meter,  .    .    39.37  inches. 

I  liter,  .    .    2.1 13  pints. 

26  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    PRESCRIPTION   WRITING.  27 

Instead,  however,  of  writing  out  in  full  the  pre- 
fixes of  the  units,  we  employ  the  decimal  system 
entirely;  thus: 

2  or  21  . 

.125  "  I125 

.025  "  025 

The  whole  numbers  always  signify  grams  and  cubic 
centimeters,  according  to  the  symbol  at  the  top; 
thus:  gm.  and  c.  c.  If,  however,  there  is  no  sym- 
bol, then  all  the  ingredients — liquid  and  solid — are 
supposed  to  be  weighed  out  in  grams.  Thus  the 
above  amounts  would  equal  2  grams ;  j^^-^  of  a 
gram  or  123^  centigrams;  yMu  ^^  ^  gram  or  2}4 
centigrams  or  25  milligrams. 

Although  it  is  sufficient  to  merely  indicate  the 
decimals  by  a  point,  as  in  the  first  example,  in  writing 
prescriptions  it  is  policy  to  always  use  the  line,  as 
shown  in  the  second  example,  so  as  to  leave  no 
possible  room  for  doubt,  as  a  spot  in  the  paper  may 
be  mistaken  for  the  point,  and  this  would,  of  course, 
multiply  or  divide  the  result,  possibly  ten,  possibly 
a  hundred,  fold. 

For  all  practical  purposes,  and  for  converting 
apothecaries'  weight  into  the  metric,  and  vice  versa, 
a  gram  may  be  considered  equal  to  15  or  16  grains, 
using  that  number  which  divides  or  multiplies  most 
easily.  Except  in  cases  of  poisons,  alkaloids,  and 
very  powerful  drugs,  where  it  is  well  to  consider  that 
i5f  grains  equal  i  gram. 


28  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  29 

Likewise,  with  the  liquid  preparations,  either  15 
or  i6  minims  may  be  considered  equivalent  to  one 
cubic  centimeter. 

The  fluidram  may  be  said  to  equal  4  c.  c.  The 
dram  to  equal  4  grams.  The  fluidounce  may  be 
considered  as  equivalent  to  30  or  32  c.  c.  ;  and  the 
ounce,  30  or  32  grams.  The  liter  is  equal  to  2. 113 
pints. 

/  It  will  be  seen  that  the  table  for  liquids  is  com- 
puted for  water  at  4°  C.  ;  and,  consequently,  to  be 
strictly  accurate,  allowance  would  have  to  be  made 
for  the  weight  of  all  the  liquid  preparations  compared 
to  that  of  water.  Thus,  the  dose  of  all  liquids  lighter 
than  water:  e.  g.,  alcohol,  ether,  the  tinctures,  etc., 
would  be  slightly  less ;  the  dose  of  heavier  liquids : 
e.  g.,  the  syrups,  glycerites,  decoctions,  etc.,  would  be 
larger  in  order  to  be  absolutely  correct.  But  prac- 
tically the  difference  is  so  small  that  in  most,  if  not 
all,  cases  it  may  be  discarded. 

Takle  to  Convert  Metric  into  Apothecaries'  Weight, 
AND  Vice  Versa. 
I  grain    =      .06  gram. 
J^j  zi=    20  grains  =    1.2    grams. 
3J  =    60      -      :^    4. 
^j  =  480      "      =30.       or  32  grams. 
I  TT\^  --=        .06  C.  C. 

f,:5J=    60  n\,        =4. 

f  I J  =  480  Tl\^        =  30.       or  32  c.  c. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  figures  do  not  accord  ex- 


3©  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  3 1 

actly  with  the  results  of  multiplication,  but  we  even 
them  up  in  order  to  obviate  the  fractions. 

I.       gram  =  15.  or  1 6  grains. 
.1        "     =:    1.5    grains. 
,01      "     =       .15  grain. 

I.  c.  c.  =  16.  rT\^. 
.1  c.  c.  =  1.6  TT\^. 
.01  c.  c.    =r      .16  n\,. 


32  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


33 


Table  for  Converting  Apothecaries'  Weight  into  the 
Metric  System,  and  Vic^  Versa. 


Solids. 

Liquids. 

Apothecaries'. 

Metric. 

Apothecaries'. 

Metric. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Minims. 

Grms  andC.C. 

-il 

.001 

I 

.06 

i^ 

.0015 

2 

12 

h 

.002 

3 

18 

i'. 

•003 

4 

24 

tV 

.004 

5 

3 

t\ 

.005 

6 

36 

-h 

.006 

7 

42 

\ 

.008 

8 

5 

i 

.016 

9 

55 

i 

.02 

10 

6 

I 

•03 

12 

72 

I 

.065 

16 

1 

2 

.013 

20 

I 

25 

3 

.2 

25 

I 

55 

4 

.26 

48 

3 

5 

•32 

50 

3 

12 

lO 

.65 

^5 

I. 

(f3)6o 

3 

75 

0)20 

1-3 

240 

15 

30 

1-95 

(f.l)48o 

30 

(5)60 

3-75 

(5)480 

30- 

34  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

METHOD  OF  WRITING  PRESCRIPTIONS.— 
CONVERSION  OF  APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT 
AND  MEASURE  INTO  THE  METRIC  SYSTEM, 
AND  VICE  VERSA. 

The  proper,  as  well  as  the  quickest  and  safest,  way 
to  write  a  prescription  is  to  put  down  the  names  of  the 
ingredients  intended  to  be  used  ;  then  determine  the 
number  of  doses  to  be  given  in  toto ;  and,  finally, 
after  multiplying  the  individual  dose  of  each  ingre- 
dient by  the  number  of  doses,  put  the  corresponding 
amount  opposite  each  drug. 

Example :  If  we  wish  to  write  for  the  compound 
cathartic  pill  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopeia : 


Gm, 

8. 

6. 

3. 

15- 


K .     Extract!  colocynthidis  compositi,     .    .    , 

Hydrargyri  chloridi  mitis, 

Extract!  jalapoe, , 

CambogJEe,      , 

Aquae,  quantum  sufficiat. 
M.     Ft.  pilulse  No.  x. 

Having  decided  to  give  10  pills,  and  deciding  the 
single  dose  of  colocynth  to  be  8  centigrams,  we 
multiply  8  centigrams  by  10,  equaling  8  decigrams, 
which  we  put  opposite  the  colocynth. 

The  single  dose  of  calomel  we  are  going  to  give 
35 


36  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  37 

being  6  centigrams,  we  multiply  this  by  lo,  equaling 
6  decigrams,  which  we  then  place  opposite  its  line, 
and  so  on. 

The  quantities  of  the  drugs  in  metric  prescriptions 
are  expressed  always  in  the  Arabic  numerals;  while 
in  the  apothecaries'  weight  we  use  the  Roman  numer- 
als, except  in  the  case  of  fractions,  where,  for  greater 
accuracy,  we  use  ordinary  figures;  or  in  cases  where 
a  large  or  ordinarily  poisonous  dose  is  intended  we 
may  place  the  Arabic  numeral  in  parenthesis  along- 
side the  Roman,  in  order  to  assure  the  druggist  that 
a  large  amount  is  intended ;  thus  f  giij  (3). 

For  converting  apothecaries'  weight  into  the  metric, 
or  vice  versa,  reference  to  the  table  at  the  end 
of  chapter  iii  will  obviate  the  necessity  of  multi- 
plication and  division.  It  is,  however,  advisable, 
for  the  sake  of  practice,  that  the  student  convert 
several  prescriptions  without  the  table,  in  order  to  be 
familiar  with  the  method  and  able  at  any  time  to 
convert  one  table  into  the  other.  For  example, 
to  convert  the  following  into  the  metric  system  : 

For  John  Smith. 
Jjt .     Pulveris  extract!  glycyrrhizae, 

"        acacise,  aa  gr.  viij. 

"        sacchari,  gr.  x. 

"        kino,  gr.  ij. 

Spiritus  aromatici,  TT\^v. 

Mellis  despumati,  q.  s. 
M.     Ft.  raassa,  in  pilulas  numero  triginta  dividenda. 
SiGNA. — One  after  meals. 
601  Lancet  Ave.,  Nov.  ij,  i8g6.     John  Medicus,  M.D. 


38  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   PRESCRIPTION   WRITING.  39 

Considering  i  gram  to  equal  i6  grains  (see  chap. 
Ill)  we  find  the  first  and  second  ingredients  to  equal 
^  of  a  gram,  which  we  would  write  |  5.  The  third 
equals  i|  =  |-  or    |  625  grams  or  62^  centigrams. 

The  fourth  equals  -^^  =  i  or  |  125  grams  or  12^ 
centigrams.  The  last  quantity,  5  rri,  would  be  ex- 
pressed in  cubic  centimeters,  and  as  we  may  count 
either  15  or  16  minims  as  equaling  i  c.  c,  we  will 
take  15  ;  therefore,  we  would  have  j\  or  ^  of  acubic 
centimeter  or  3J  cubic  decometers,  written    |  33. 

The  body  of  the  prescription  then  would  read  : 


R .     Pulveris  extracti  glycyrrhizae, 
'*        acacise,  aa 

*'        sacchari, 
"        kino, 
Spiritus  aroraatici, 
Mellis  despumati,  q.  s. 


5 
625 

125 
33 


Or,  vice  versa,  to  convert  the  following  into  apothe- 
caries' weight : 

For  Sam  Small. 
ISt .     Potassii  bromidi,  15 

Antipyrin,  7    5 

Acidi  arsenosi,  06 

M.     Fiant  pulveres  numero  viginti. 
Sign  A.— One  at  bedtime. 
1428  Edgely  St.,  AToz'.  /j,  /8g6.        Thos.  Jones,  M.D. 

Now,  I  gram  equals  15  or  16  grains;  15  (grams)  X 
16  (grains)  =  240  ;  240  grains  -^  60  (the  number  of 
grains  in  a  dram)  =  4 ;  consequently  the  total  is  ^iv. 


40  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF   PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  4I 

The  second  ingredient  calls  for  7.5  grams :  'j^  (grams) 
X  16  (grains)^  120;  120  (grains)  -f-  60  (grains  in 
a  dram)  =  2,  hence  ^ij.  The  third  quantity:  .06 
grams  or  6  centigrams  =  y|-g-  grams  X  16  (the  num- 
ber of  grains  in  a  gram)  =  j^®^ ;  practically,  i  grain. 
Of  course,  there  is  a  difference  of  y^^  grains,  but  as 
there  are  20  doses,  the  difference  in  each  dose  would 
be  but  2^0  0  of  a  grain,  which  is  insignificant  and  may 
bp  disregarded.  In  fact,  it  is  the  rule  in  transposing 
from  one  system  to  another,  to  always  even  up  the 
amounts:  unless  the  drug  is  extremely  potent,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  difference  one  way  or  the  other  will 
be  too  small  to  be  of  practical  import.  And  the 
prescription  then  would  read : 

For  Sam  Small. 

R  .     Potassii  bromidi,  ^  iv. 

Antipyrin,  ^ij. 

Acidi  arsenosi,  gr.  j. 
M.     Fiant  pulveres  numero  viginti. 
SiGNA. — One  at  bedtime. 

1428  Edgely  St.,  aw.  75,  /8g6.  Thos.  Jonks,  M.I). 


42  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE    GRAMMATICAL    CONSTRUCTION    OF 
PRESCRIPTIONS. 

Latin  is  the  language  par  excellence  for  prescrip- 
tions. Although  the  physician  may  use  English  or 
any  other  language  if  he  sees  fit,  the  arguments  in 
favor  of  Latin  far  outweigh  any  which  may  be 
brought  against  it. 

First,  it  is  a  ''dead"  language,  does  not  undergo 
any  change,  and  words  expressed  in  Latin  are  under- 
stood all  over  the  civilized  world,  whereas  if  we 
wrote  prescrip^tions  only  in  the  current  tongue,  spe- 
cial knowledge  of  that  language  would  be  necessary 
to  translate  it  into  any  other  language.  The  com- 
prehension, however,  of  even  a  very  moderate 
amount  of  Latin  enables  us  to  understand  a  pre- 
scription written  in  any  of  the  civilized  countries. 
Latin  is  the  universal  language  of  science, — the 
botanic  and  chemic  names  of  all  our  remedies  are 
in  Latin. 

When  we  express  the  name  of  a  drug  in  Latin  it 

refers  distinctly  and   positively  to  only   one   drug, 

whereas   the  English  word  may  include  a  number 

of  drugs  entirely  different  from  one  another.     Thus, 

43 


44  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  45 

cimicifuga  means  only  the  cimicifuga  racemosa, 
whereas  the  English  name  '*snakeroot"  is  applied 
to  numerous  plants,  each  differing  according  to  its 
habitat.  If  we  write  Indian  hemp,  either  apocynum 
cannabinum  or  cannabis  indica  may  be  dispensed. 
Wintergreen  may  mean  either  chimaphila  or  gaul- 
theria. 

Checkerberry  may  mean  either  uva  ursi  or  gaul- 
theria. 

In  any  or  all  such  cases  the  drug  dispensed  may 
have  directly  opposite  effect  on  the  patient  from  that 
desired,  and  not  alone  may  it  be  inert,  but  it  may 
be  positively  harmful,  if  not  disastrous. 

Again,  there  is  a  certain  prejudice  against  the  use  of 
certain  drugs, — as  mercury  and  iodid  of  potassium, — 
and  should  the  prescription  be  in  English  the  patient 
may  refuse  to  take  it. 

Again,  it  is  sometimes  desirable  that  a  patient 
should  not  know  the  exact  nature  of  the  drugs  he 
is  taking,  or  he  may  wish  to  take  our  prescription  to 
a  foreign  country.  In  either  case  Latin  fulfils  all 
requirements. 

The  directions  to  the  patient,  however,  should 
invariably  be  written  in  English.  There  is  abso- 
lutely no  valid  reason  why  he  should  not  read  them ; 
if  they  be  written  in  Latin,  should  the  patient  forget 
the  instructions — and  patients  are  often  singularly 
negligent  in  this  respect — he  would  be  at  a  loss  how 
to  take  the  remedy,  and  at  what  times. 


46  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPI'ION    WRITING. 


47 


A   certain    rudimentary  knowledge   of    Latin   is 
necessary  in  order  to  write  a  proper  prescription. 
The  following  few  simple  rules  are  indispensable  : 

1.  The  names  of  the  drugs  are  always  in  the 
genitive  if  the  quantity  is  expressed  (governed  by 
the  R  (take)  amount  of^. 

2.  If  no  quantity  is  expressed,  but  a  numeral  ad- 
jective follows,  the  noun  is  always  in  the  accusative. 

3.  The  quantities  are  always  in  the  accusative, 
governed  by  the  imperative  recipe  (take). 

4.  Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns  in  number, 
gender,  and  case. 

Verbs,  prepositions,  conjunctions,  and  ad- 
verbs undergo  no  change,  the  principal  ones 
being : 


Verbs. 

Abbrevia 

Recipe, 

.    .      R,     . 

Misce,    .    . 

.    .    .  M.,    . 

Sii^na,    .    . 

.    .   .  Sig., 

Fiat,       .    . 

.    .  Ft.,    . 

Fiant,     .    . 

.    .    .Ft.,    . 

Adde,    .    . 

.    .  Add., 

Bulliat,      . 

.  Bull, 

Cola,      .    . 

.    .    .Col., 

Divide, 

.    .    .  Div., 

Macera, 

.    .  Mac. , 

Repetatur, 

.    .  Rep., 

Solve,    .    . 

.    .  Sol.,  . 

Sufficit, 

.  Suf.,  . 

Tere,      .    . 

.    .  Ten, 

English. 
.  take. 

.  mix,  or  mix  thou. 
.  mark  or  label. 
.  let  (it)  be  made. 
.  let  (them)  be  made. 
.  add. 
.  let  IxmI. 
.  strain. 
.  divide. 
.  macerate. 
.  repeat. 
.  dissolve. 
.  it  suffices. 
.  rub. 


48  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRiriNO.  49 

Prepositions,  etc. 

Cum, with. 

In, in,  into. 

Ad, to,  up  to. 

Et, and. 

Ana, aa,      of  each. 

FIRST  DECLENSION. 
All  pharmacopeial   nouns  ending  in  a  belong  to 
the  first  declension,  are  feminine   gender,  and   are 
declined  as  follows,  except  aspidosperma,  physo- 
stigma,  and  folia  (plural)  : 

Singular.  Plural. 

Norn.,  gutta  (a  drop),      -a.  Gutt<?  (drops),  -se. 

Gen.,    gutt^  (of  a  drop),-ae.  Guttarum  (of  drops), -arum. 

Ace,    gutt^;//  (a  drop),    -am.  Gutt^j  (drops),  -as. 

The  stem  (^gutt)  remains  unchanged,  and  if  the 
case-endings  are  committed  to  memory  there  will  be 
no  trouble  in  declining  any  noun. 

(Aspidosperma  and  physostigma  change  to 
aspidospermatis  and  physostigmatis  in  the 
genitive.  Folia  (leaves)  is  plural ;  genitive,  foli- 
orum.) 

Two  pharmacopeial  nouns  of  the  first  declension 
end  in  e  ;  e.g.^  aloe  and  mastiche.  The  case-end- 
ings in  the  singular  are:  Nom.,  e ;  gen.,  es ;  ace,  en. 
The  plural  is  like  that  of  gufta. 

SECOND  DECLENSION. 
All    pharmacopeial    nouns   ending  in  us  (except 
Rhus    spiritus,   quercus,    and    fructus — fourth 


50 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  5 1 

declension)  belong  to  the  second  declension.     They 
are  nearly  all  masculine,  declined  thus  : 

Singular.  Plural. 

yVi?w.,  syrupwj  (asyrup),    -us.  Syrupz  (syrups),  -i. 

Gen. ,   syrup/  (of  a  syrup),  -i.  Syrup<?rw// (of  syrups), -orum. 

Ace,    syrup«///  (a  syrup), -um.  Syrup^^  (syrups),         -os. 

All  pharmacopeial  nouns  ending  in  um  are  neuter, 
of  second  declension,  and  are  declined  thus  : 

Singular.  Plural. 

iVi?/;/.,  acetw;// (a vinegar),  -um.        Acet«  (vinegars),  -a. 
Gen.,   acet?  (of  a  vinegar), -i.  Acetoru/u     (of    vinegars), 

-orum. 
Ace,     SLcetum  (a  vinegar), -um.         Acet^;  (vinegars),  -a. 

Rhus  changes  to  Rhois. 

THIRD  DECLENSION. 
All  declinable  pharmacopeial  nouns  whose  nomin- 
ative ends  otherwise  than  in  a,  us,  and  um,  are 
(except  aloes,  mastiche,  eriodictyon,  hsema- 
toxylon,  and  toxicodendron)  of  the  third  declen- 
sion. They  are  declined  like  liquor.  Digitalis, 
however,  does  not  change  the  genitive.  Nouns 
ending  in  as  change  to  atis ;  as,  acetas,  acetatis  ;  * 
carbonas,  carbonatis  ;  sulphas,  sulphatis,  etc. 

Singular.  Plural. 

Xo/n.,  liquor  (a  solution).  lA(\\xoxes  (solution),         -es. 

Gcii.,    liquor/j  (of  a  solution),  Liquorw/w  (of  solutions), -um. 

-is. 

Ace,    liquor<?w    (a   solution),  Liquor^'.y  (of  solutions),  -es. 


*  See  note  at  end  of  chapter. 


52  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


53 


Exceptions. 

om.y  anthemis, 

Gen. 

,  anthemidis. 

"       cortex, 

corticis. 

"       pepo, 

peponis. 

'♦       phosphis, 

phosphitis. 

"       sulphis, 

sulphitis. 

"        raucilago, 

mucilaginis. 

"       solidago, 

solidagmis. 

"       colocynth, 

colocynthidis 

"       hcematoxylon 

,                   " 

h?ematoxyli. 

"       radix, 

radicis. 

"       semen, 

seminis. 

FOURTH    DECLENSION. 

We  employ  only  three  nouns  of  the  fourth  declen- 
sion ;  they  are:  Fructus,  spiritus  (masculine), 
and  quercus  (feminine),  which  are  declined  thus: 


Singular. 
Nom.y  spiritwj  (a  spirit),  -us. 
Gen.,  spirit^w    (of  a   spirit), 

-us. 
Acc.y    spirit^;//  (a  spirit),  -um.       Spiritz^j  (spirits), 


Plural. 
Spiritwj  (spirits),  -us. 

SpiritwMw  (of  spirits),  -uum. 


The  ablative  case  is  used  only  after  cum  (with) ; 


as : 


Cum  creta  (with  chalk). 
<'     cake  (with  lime). 
"     ferro  (with  iron). 
**     semisse  (with  a  half),  etc. 


54  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


55 


The  following  nouns  are  indeclinable.     The  geni- 
tive does  not  change : 


Amy]. 

Elixir. 

Pyrogallol. 

Azedarach. 

Eucalyptol. 

Quebracho. 

Buchu. 

Hydronaphthol. 

Salol. 

Cajuputi. 

Kino. 

Sassafras. 

Catechu. 

Matico. 

Sumbul. 

Cusso. 

Menthol. 

Thymol. 

Diachylon, 

Naphthol. 

Ichthyol. 

Digitalis. 

Phenol. 

lodol,  etc. 

Although  we  practically  always  express  the  quanti- 
ties by  means  of  the  Roman  numerals,  should  they 
be  written  out  they  are  always  in  the  accusative, 
formed  as  follows : 

1.  Nouns  of  quantity  ending  in  a  are  feminine 
and  have  the  accusative  singular  end  in  am  ;  plural, 
as;  thus,  drachma,  accusative  singular  drachmam ; 
plural,  drachmas.  Uncia,  accusative  singular  unciam  ; 
plural,  uncias. 

2.  Those  ending  in  us  or  um  have  the  accusative 
singular  end  in  um;  accusative  plural  of  us  is  os, 
and  of  um  is  a:  thus: 


Accusative  singular. 

Accusative  plural. 

Congius, 

Congium, 

Congios. 

Minimum, 

Minimum, 

Minima. 

Adjectives    are  declined    like  nouns  and  agree 
with  them  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

If  the  adjective  is  of  the  same  declension  as  the 


56  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  57 

noun,  naturally  the  genitive  will  be  the  same.  If, 
however,  it  is  of  a  different  declension,  its  genitive 
must  be  formed  according  to  that  declension. 

To  illustrate:     Suppose  we  desire   to  change  the 
following  recipe  into  unabbreviated  Latin — 

Take  of  chlorid  of  ammonium,  three  drams  ; 

*'     "  compound  mixture  of  licorice,  two  fluidounces. 
Mix,  and  label  teaspoonful  three  times  a  day. 

Thos.  Leidy,  M.  D. 
For  John  Owens,  Nov.  yj,  i8g6. 

For  "take  of"  we  write  R.  In  Latin,  chlorid  of  am- 
monium is  termed  amfnonii  chloridum  ;  but  the  direc- 
tions are  to  take  three  drams  ^chlorid  of  ammonium. 
Consequently,  it  must  be  written  in  the  genitive, 
ammonii  chloridi.  The  accusative  plural  of  dram  is 
drachmas  ;  the  accusative  plural  of  three  is  tres  ;  hence, 
drachmas  tres.  Compound  mixture  of  licorice  in 
Latin  is  termed  7nisiura glycyrrhizce  composita  ;  but  the 
direction  states  take  of  the  compound  mixture  of 
licorice.  We  already  have  of  licorice  in  the  phrase; 
hence,  glycyrrhizce  is  already  in  the  genitive,  but 
mistura  and  composita  are  not ;  they  are,  according 
to  our  table,  of  the  first  declension,  and  consequently 
form  the  genitive  by  changing  a  to  se  ;  hence,  mis- 
tiirce  glycyrrhizce  compositce.  Then  the  accusative 
plural  o{  uncia  would  be  uncias  ;  that  of  duo^  duas — 
fluiduncias  duas.  For  mix  we  write  wisce ;  for  label, 
5 


58  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  59 

signa;  for  three  times  a  day,  /.  /.  d.     Therefore,  in 
Latin  the  prescription  would  read  : 

li  ,     Ammonii  chloridi,  drachmas  tres. 

Misturae  glycyrrhizse  compositge,  fluiduncias  duas. 
Misce.     Signa. — Teaspoonful,  t.  i.  d. 

Thos.  Leidy,  M.  D. 
For  John  Owens,  Nov.  jj,  i8g6. 

Note. — The    salts   of   the   metals   generally  ending    in    as 
change  to  atis  in  the  genitive,  thus  : 

Nommative.  Genitive. 

Acetas, Acetatis. 

Bicarbonas, Bicarbonatis. 

Carbonas,      Carbonatis. 

Citras, Citratis. 

Phosphas, Phosphatis. 

Sulphas, Sulphatis. 

Tartras,     .    .    .    .  • Tartra'is,  etc. 


6o  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DIRECTIONS  TO  THE  APOTHECARY.— LATIN 
PHRASES  AND  THEIR  ABBREVIATIONS.— 
NUMERALS. 

'  As  we  desire  to  give  brief  directions  to  the  apothe- 
cary, there  have  come  into  use  a  number  of  Latin 
phrases  and  words  which,  however,  are  generally 
abbreviated  as  follows : 


Latin. 

Abbreviatii 

ms.                English. 

Acidum,    .    .    . 

.    .  acid.,     . 

.  an  acid. 

Ad, 

.    .  ad,     .    . 

.  to,  up  to. 

Ad  libitum,  .    . 

.    .  ad  lib.,  . 

.    .  at  pleasure. 

Adde,    .... 

.    .  add.,      . 

.  add  (thou). 

Ana,       .    .    .    .. 

.    .  A.,  aa.  . 

.  of  each. 

Aqua  bulliens, 

.    .  aq.  bul., 

.  water,  boiling. 

Aqua  destillata, 

.  aq.  dest., 

.  water,  distilled. 

Bene,     .... 

.  well. 

Bis  in  dies,    .    . 

.    .  bis  in  d., 

.    .  twice  a  day. 

Bulliat,      .    .    . 

.    .  bull.,      . 

.  boil. 

Cape,  capiat,     . 

.    .  cap.,      . 

.  take. 

Capsula,     .    .    . 

.    .  caps., 

.  capsule. 

Ceratum,        .    . 

,    .  cerat.,    . 

.  a  cerate. 

Chartula,    .    .    . 

.    .  chart.,    . 

.  a  paper  for  powder 

Cochleare  magnu 

m,    coch.  mag. 

,   .  tablespoon. 

Cochleare  parvur 

n,      coch.  parv 

,     teaspoon. 

Cola,      .... 

.    .  col.,   .    . 

.  strain. 

Collyrium,     .    , 

.    .  collyr.,  . 

.  eye-wash. 

6i 


62  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.            63 

Latin.                    Abbreviations.                  English. 
Collutorium,     .    .    .  collut. ,  .    .    .  mouth-wash. 

Compositus, 
Congius,    .    . 
Confectio, 

.  comp. ,  CO. 
.  C,       .    .    . 
.  conf.,     .    . 

.  compound. 
.  gallon. 
.  confection. 

Cortex,       .    . 

.  cort.,      .    . 

.  bark. 

Cum,      .    .    . 

.  with. 

Decoctum,    . 

.  decoc. , 

.  a  decoction. 

Dimidius, 

.  dim  ,      .    . 

.  one-half. 

■ 

Divide,      .    . 

'Dividendus, 

.  d.,  div.,     . 
.  dividend., 

.  divide  (thou), 
to  be  divided. 

•. 

Dividatur    in 

pa 

rtes 

' 

aequales,     . 
Emplastrum, 
Extende  supra 
Fac,  fiat 

.  d.  in  p.  se. 
.  emp. ,     . 
.  ex.  sup., 
.  F..     .    . 

,   .  divide  in  equal  parts. 
.  a  plaster. 
.  spread  upon. 
.  make,  let  be  made. 

Fiant,     .    .    . 

,  F.,     .    . 

,  let  them  be  made. 

' 

Filtrum,  filtra, 

.fil.,    .    . 

.  a  filter,  filter  (v). 

. 

Gargarisma, 
Gutta,  guttae, 
Guttatim,  .    . 
Haustus,    .    . 
Hora,    .    .    . 

.  garg.,     . 
.  gtt.,   .    . 
.  guttat.,      , 
.  haust.,   . 

.  a  gargle. 

.  drop,  drops. 

.  drop  by  drop. 

.  a  draught. 

.  an  hour. 

.  daily. 

.  like  (used  with  genitive). 

.  milk. 

In  dies,      .    . 
Instar,    .    .    . 
Lac.  .        ,    . 

.  in  d.,     . 
.  inst. ,      .    . 

Lagena,     .    . 

.  a  bottle. 

Libra,    .    .    . 
Liquor,      .    . 
Lotio,     .    .    . 

.  lb.,  Lb., 

liq.,    .     . 
.  lot. ,    .    . 

.  pound  (Troy). 
.  solution. 
.  lotion. 

Massa 

mass 

pill  mass 

Mica  panis,   . 

.    .  mic.  pan. , 
.    .  M.,    .    . 

.  crumbof  bread. 

. 

Mucilago, 

.    .  mucil.,  . 

.    .  a  mucilage. 

64  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


65 


Latin. 

Abbreviat 

'ons.                  English. 

Numerus,  nuniero,  .  No..  .    , 

.    .  number,  in  number. 

Octarius,   .    .    . 

.     .0,        .     . 

.    .  pint. 

Ovum,  ovi,    .    . 

.     .  ov.,     .     . 

•    .  eefpf. 

Pars,      .    .    . 

par. , 

.  a  part  of. 

Partes  sequales, 

.    .  p.  K.,     . 

.    .  equal  parts. 

Pediluvium, 

foot-bath. 

Per  fistulam  vitream,    .... 

.    .  through  a  glass  tube. 

Phila,     .... 

.    .  phil.,      . 

.  a  vial. 

Pilula,    .... 

.    .  pil.. 

.  a  pill. 

Pro  re  nata,  .    . 

.    .  p.  r.  n., 

.  as  required. 

Pulvis,   .... 

.  pulv. , 

a  powder. 

Quantum  sufficiat 

,    .  q.  s.,      . 

.  sufficient    quantity    of 
genitive  after). 

Quaqua  hora,    . 

.    .q.h.,      . 

.  every  hour. 

Saturatus,      .    , 

.    .  sat.,   .    . 

,  saturated. 

Scatula,      .    .    . 

.  scat.,      . 

.  a  box. 

Semissis,  semisse. 

.  ss. ,     ...    . 

.  one-half. 

Sesuncia,  .    .    . 

.  sesunc,     . 

.  an  ounce  and  a  half. 

Signa, 

.S.,Sig.,    . 

.  sign,  label. 

Sine, 

.  without. 

Solve, 

.  solv.,       .    , 

.  dissolve. 

Statim, 

.  Stat.,      .    . 

.  at  once. 

Talis, 

.  tal.,    .    .    . 

.  such. 

Tritura,      .... 

.  trit.,  .    .    . 

.  triturate. 

Tere  simul,    ,    .    . 

.  ter.  sim.,    . 

.  rub  together. 

Tere  exactissime, 

.  ter.  exact.. 

.  rub  finely. 

Ter  in  die,     .    . 

.  t.  i.  d.,  . 

.  three  times  a  day. 

Vehiculum,    .    .    , 

.  vehic,   .    . 

.  vehicle. 

Vitellus,     .... 

.  vit ,    .    .    , 

.  yolk,  of  egg. 

Although  it  is  perfectly  allowable  to  use  the  above 
abbreviations,  the  names  of  drugs  should  never  be 
abbreviated  if.  there  is  any  likelihood  of  one  drug 


66  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTKS. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


67 


being  taken  for  another.  In  fact,  it  is  better  always 
to  write  out  the  names  of  the  drugs  in  full,  as  the 
many  disastrous  results  which  have  already  been 
caused  by  abbreviating  have  no  need  of  increase. 

Thus,  acid,  hydroc,  may  mean  either  hydro- 
chloric or  hydrocyanic  acid;  ext.  col.,  may  mean 
extractum  colchici  or  extractum  colocynthidis ; 
hydra,  chlor.,  either  chloral  hydrate  or  chlorid  of 
mercury  (hydrargyrum),  etc. 


NUMERALS 
Are  all   indeclinable  except  unus,  duo,  tres,  mille, 
and  the  hundreds  (100,  200,  etc.). 

20,  viginti. 
30,  triginta.      , 


1,  unus. 

2,  duo, 

3,  tres. 

4,  quatuor. 

5,  quinque. 

6,  sex. 

7,  septem. 

8,  octo. 

9,  novem. 

10,  decern. 

11,  undecim. 

12,  duodecim. 

13,  tredecim 

14,  quatuordecim. 

15,  quindecim. 

16,  sexdecim. 

17,  septendecini. 

18,  octodecim. 

19,  novendecim. 


40,  quadraginta. 

50,  quinquaginta. 

60,  sexaginta. 

70,  septuaginta. 

80,  octoginta. 

90,  nonaginta. 
100,  centum. 
200,  ducenti. 
300,  trecenti. 
400,  quadringenti. 
500^  quingenti. 
600,  sexcenti. 
700,  septingenti. 
800,  octingenti. 
900,  nongenti. 
1,000,  mille. 
10,000,  decemniille. 


68  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING. 


69 


Unum,  duo,  and  tres  are  thus  declined 


Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neuter. 

iVom.,  unus, 

una, 

unum. 

Gen. ,   unius, 

unius. 

unius. 

All-. ,     unum, 

unam, 

unum. 

Notn. ,  duo, 

duae, 

duo. 

Gen  ,    duorum, 

duarum, 

duorura 

Ace,     duos, 

duas, 

duo. 

Norn.,  tres. 

tres, 

tria. 

Gen  ,    trium, 

trium, 

trium. 

Ace,     tres, 

tres. 

tria. 

70  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


CHAPTER  Vir. 
ADMINISTRATION. 

Medicines  may  be  given  : 

1.  By  enema  (per  rectum,  dose  about  one-third 
larger  than  by  the  mouth). 

2.  By  hypodermic  injection  (subcutaneously, 
dose  about  one-third  less  than  by  the  mouth). 

3.  By  the  mouth  (this  method  employs  the 
officinal  doses). 

4.  Epidermically  (by  means  of  friction  of  the 
skin  after  local  application). 

5.  Endermically  (after  denudation  of  the  skin 
by  a  blister). 

6.  Enepidermically  (direct  application  to  skin). 

7.  Insufflation  and  vaporization  (usually  to 
respiratory  tract  only). 

8.  Intravenously  (rarely  used). 

As  a  rule,  the  doses  stated  are  intended  for  adults. 
In  order  to  employ  the  same  remedies  for  children 
several  rules  have  been  proposed,  viz. : 

1.  De Young's  Rule. — Divide  the  age  by  the  age  -\- 
12,  and  divide  the  adult  dose  by  the  result. 

2.  Cowling's  Rule. — Divide  the  age  at  next  birth- 
day by  24. 

71 


72  FOR-   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  73 

3.  Clark:  s  Rule. — This  rule  assumes  the  average 
weight  of  a  normal  adult  to  be  about  150  pounds. 
To  find  the  dose  for  a  person  weighing  less  than  that, 
divide  the  dose  by  the  weight  divided  by  150. 
Thus:  For  a  child  weighing  25  pounds,  the  dose 
would  be  -j2^^^,  or  y^  of  the  adult  dose.  This  method, 
although  on  a  more  scientific  base  than  the  others,  is 
not  often  used. 

To  illustrate  De  Young's  and  Cowling's  rules  :  Sup- 
posing the  adult  dose  of  a  drug  to  be  one  dram ; 
for  a  child  three  years  of  age  we  would  divide  3  by 
3  -j-  1 2  =  Y^-  or  |- ;  hence,  this  dose  would  be  12 
grains.  According  to  Cowling's  rule,  we  divide  4 
by  24  =  5^,  which  equals  10  grains  in  the  above 
case. 

These  results  are  accurate  enough  for  use  in  all 
those  drugs  which  are  normally  well  borne  by 
children  ;  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that 
some  drugs  are  very  poorly  borne  by  children, — for 
example,  morphine,  etc., — while  of  others, — for  ex- 
ample, mercury, — children  will  often  bear  well 
amounts  disproportionate  to  their  age  and  weight. 

Doses  will  also  be  modified  by  the  general  nutri- 
tion and  vital  resistance  of  the  patient,  sex  (males 
bear  larger  doses  than  females),  previous  habits 
(alcoholic,  opium,  cocain,  etc.),  previous  mode  of 
living,  idiosyncrasies,  etc. 

Some  drugs  may  be  taken  for  long  periods  of 
time,  but  with  others  the  system  becomes  tolerant  and 


74  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   PRESCRIPTION   WRITING.  75 

the  dose  must  be  increased  to  have  the  same,  if  any, 
effect. 

Again,  other  drugs — for  example,  digitalis — have 
what  is  called  a  cumulative  effect;  i.e.,  when  given 
for  too  long  a  period  of  time  the  system  seems  to 
store  up  the  drug  and  there  may  suddenly  be  a 
poisonous  explosion,  so  to  speak,  in  which  the 
poisonous  character  of  the  drug  may  become  dis- 
agreeably or  even  fatally  manifest. 


76  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
COMBINATION  OF  MEDICINES. 

Different  medicines  are  combined  in  one  mixture 
in  order  to  (i)  increase  the  action  of  the  base;  (2) 
correct  any  undesirable  action  of  the  base ;  (3)  to 
meet  more  than  one  indication ;  (4)  to  obtain  the 
combined  effect  of  the  ingredients ;  (5)  to  add  to  the 
ease  of  administration  ;  (6)  to  form  new  compounds. 

The  first,  second,  fourth,  and  fifth  conditions  ex- 
plain themselves. 

To  illustrate  the  third  :  Suppose  a  patient  suffers  at 
the  same  time  with  malaria  and  a  cough  or  cold.  By- 
combining,  say,  quinine  and  a  suitable  expectorant, 
we  may  control  both  conditions  with  one  remedy. 

To  illustrate  the  sixth  :  We  use  daily  the  combina- 
tion of  potassium  iodid  and  bichlorid  of  mercury, 
this  giving  us  the  red  iodid  of  mercury,  etc. 

Under  this  head,  however,  we  must  be  careful  to 
employ  no  remedies  which  are  incompatible  with 
one  another. 

By  incompatibles  we  may  mean  any  of  three 
classes  of  compounds,  viz.  : 

I.  Unsightly  or  poisonous  mixtures  (Pharmaceu- 
tic Incompatibility). 

77 


78  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  79 

2.  The  formation  of  new  compounds,  or  the  de- 
composition of  the  ingredients,  which  may  cause  the 
remedy  to  become  inert,  poisonous,  or  explosive 
(Chemic  Incompatibility). 

3.  The  combination  of  remedies  having  opposite 
therapeutic  effects  (Physiologic  Incompatibility). 

Incompatibles  of  the  first  class  include  combina- 
tions of  oils,  balsams,  resins  (or  their  alcoholic  solu- 
tions), tinctures  (alcoholic  or  hydro-alcoholic),  fluid 
extracts  (alcoholic),  with  aqueous  solutions,  or  vice 
versa. 

The  second  class  includes  combinations  of  alka- 
lies (hydrates  and  carbonates),  with  acids,  oxidizers 
(peroxids  and  peracids),  with  tannin,  sugar,  sulphur, 
starch,  and  sulphids,  glycerin,  alcohols,  and  ether; 
as,  for  instance,  potassium  chlorate,  or  potassium  per- 
manganate, with  any  of  the  above  substances. 

Metallic  salts  with  acids,  causing  precipitation. 

Mineral  acids  with  carbonates,  acetates,  citrates, 
and  salts  of  the  vegetable  acids  generally. 

All  alkaloids  and  their  salts  are  incompatible  with 
tannic  acid  and  all  preparations  containing  it. 

Alkaloid  salts  are  incompatible  with  the  alkalies 
and  many  of  their  salts. 

Fixed  oils  and  oleoresins  may  only  be  employed 
with  water  in  the  form  of  an  emulsion. 

Essential  oils  are  soluble  in  water  only  to  the 
extent  of  n^^j  to  f5J. 

Physiologic  incompatibility  would  include   those 


So  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  8l 

compounds  containing  drugs  liaving  opposite  actions ; 
as,  for  instance,  a  large  amount  of  caffein  to  keep 
the  patient  awake  and  a  correspondingly  large 
amount  of  opium  to  put  him  to  sleep. 

The  following  combinations,  which  might  be  de- 
sirable from  a  therapeutic  standpoint,  are  incompat- 
ible: 

Ammonium  carbonate,  with  syrup  of  squill^ 
(which  contains  acetic  acid).  The  salts  of  the  heavy 
metals,  iron^  jnercury,  magnesium,  etc.,  and  the  alka- 
line earths,  lime,  etc.,  are  incompatible  with  arsenic. 
For  example :  Lime-water,  with  the  tincture  of 
chlorid  of  iron,  solutions  of  mercurial  salts,  etc. 
Liquor  potassium  arsenitis,  with  lime-water, 
etc. 

Belladonna  and  Atropin. — Alkalies  precipitate 
atropin  from  solutions  of  belladonna.  Tannic  acid 
forms  an  insoluble  tannate  with  atropin. 

lodin  and  the  iodids  are  incompatible  with  acids 
and  their  salts,  and  form  a  heavy  insoluble  iodid  with 
most  alkaloids,  which  settles  to  the  bottom  of  the 
bottle,  and  so  there  may  be  taken  in  one  dose  the 
amount  intended  for  a  number  of  doses.  Also  in- 
compatible with  soluble  metallic  salts. 

Iron,  or  its  preparations,  form  insoluble  precipi- 
tates with  tannic  acid  in  any  form.  Hence  we  can 
use  only  the  simple  bitters  and  never  any  of  the  vege- 
table preparations  containing  tannic  acid  in  combi- 
nation therewith. 


82  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF   PRESCRIPTION   WRITING.  8^ 

Mercury. — Calomel  is  converted  into  corro- 
sive sublimate  when  combined  with  hydrochloric 
or  nitro-hydrochloric  acid,  the  chlorids,  and  most  of 
the  coal-tars  (phenacetin,  antipyrin,  etc.).  Corro- 
sive sublimate  is  extremely  easily  decomposed,  and 
iodiit  changes  green  mercurous  iodid  into  the 
more  active  red  iodid. 

Nux  Vomica. — Strychnine  in  solution  forms 
'with  potassium  iodid  a  precipitate  which  carries  all  the 
strychnia  to  the  bottom  of  the  bottle,  rendering  one 
liable  to  take  the  whole  amount  in  one  dose.  (Death 
has  been  caused  by  this  combination.) 

Opium,  Morphine. — Alkalies  precipitate  mor- 
phin  from  solutions  of  opium.  Tannic  acid  forms 
the  very  slowly  soluble  tannate  of  morphin. 

Pepsin,  Ingluvin,  etc. — Alcohol  destroys  their 
active  properties,  as  do  alkalies.  Acids  aid  their 
action  if  diluted. 

Quinine,  cinchona. — Alkalies  precipitate  alka- 
loids of  cinchona.  Tannic,  gallic,  and  tartaric  acids 
form  insoluble  compounds  with  them. 

Tannic  acid  and  preparations  containing  it  are 
incompatible  with  all  alkaloids  and  preparations 
containing  alkaloids;  with  iron  and  preparations 
containing  it. 


84  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


PART    II. 


CHAPTER  I. 
MATERIA  MEDICA. 

Pharmacology  is  sometimes  defined  to  mean 
the  action  of  drugs  on  the  tissues  of  the  living 
organism;  /.<?.,  physiologic  action.  It  is  also 
sometimes  supposed  to  include  materia  medica, 
pharmacy,  and  therapeutics. 

Materia  medica  treats  of  all  the  substances, 
either  natural  or  artificial,  used  in  the  practice  of 
medicine.  The  University  of  Pennsylvania  re- 
quires : 

1.  English  name. 

2.  Scientific  name. 

3.  Physical  characteristics. 

4.  Chemic  constituents. 

5.  Incompatibles. 

6.  Antidotes. 

7.  Preparations,  United  States  Pharmacopeia. 

8.  Doses  (crude  drug  and  its  preparations). 

9.  Adulterations,  etc. 
10.  Habitat. 

8s 


86  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA,  87 

Pharmacy  is  the  science  of  preparing,  com- 
pounding, and  dispensing  medicines. 

Therapeutics  is  the  study  of  the  action  of  medi- 
cines in  health  and  disease. 

A  pharmacopeia  contains  explicit  directions  for 
the  preparation  of  medicines,  insuring  uniformity 
of  strength,  action,  and  nomenclature.  It  may  be 
officinal  (United  States)  or  official.  An  official 
pharmacopeia  is  one  sanctioned  by  the  Govern- 
ment; whereas,  in  the  United  States  it  is  not  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Government  but  is  revised  every  ten 
years  by  representatives  of  the  various  recognized 
schools  of  medicine,  colleges  of  pharmacy,  of  the 
Army  and  Navy  Medical  Corps,  and  of  the  Marine 
Hospital  Service.  Such  a  pharmacopeia  and  its 
preparations  are  called  officinal. 

The  pharmacopeia  does  not  recognize  drugs  pub- 
lished under  a  private  formula  or  whose  manufacture 
is  restricted  to  one  or  more  firms. 

The  dispensatory  is  much  more  explicit,  giving 
the  physical  and  chemic  history,  mode  of  prepara- 
tion, doses,  and  therapeutics  of  the  various  drugs, 
and  includes  all  remedies  of  whatever  nature  in- 
tended to  cure  disease. 

The  principal  dispensatories  are  the  **  United 
States  Dispensatory"  and  the  "National  Dispensa- 
tory." 


88  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  89 

OFFICINAL  PREPARATIONS. 

Decocta  (decoctions)  are  made  by  boiling  the 
crude  drug  in  water.  Useless  if  the  active  principle 
is  decomposed  by  heat  or  is  volatile.  If  starch  is 
present  in  any  amount  it  would  decompose  and  thus 
be  useless. 

The  United  States  Pharmacopeia  recognizes  two  : 

Decoctum —  Decoctum — 

Cetrariae.  Sarsaparillas  compositum. 

Infusa  (infusions)  are  made  by  maceratingy  per- 
colating, or  displacing  the  drug  in  hot  or  cold  water 
wit/tout  hoiVmg.     Officinal,  four  : 
Infusum —  Infusum — 

Cinchonse.  Pruni  virginianae. 

Digitalis.  Sennae  compositum. 

Liquores  (solutions)  are  solutions  of  active  non- 
volatile principles  in  water.  Officinal,  24  : 
Liquor —                                        Liquor — 

Acidi  arsenosi.  lodi  compositus. 

Ammonii  acetatis.  Magnesii  citratis. 

Arseni  et  hydrargyri  iodidi.  Plumbi  subacetatis. 

Calcis.  Plumbi  subacetatis  dilutus. 

Ferri  acetatis.  Potassae, 

Ferri  chloridi.  Potassii  arsenitis. 

Ferri  citratis.  Potassii  citratis. 

Ferri  et  ammonii  acetatis.  Sodae. 

P'erri  nitratis.  Sodae  chloratae. 

Ferri  subsulphatis.  Sodii  arsenatis. 

Ferri  tersulphalis.  Sodii  silicatis. 

Hydrargyri  nitratis.  Zinci  chloridi. 
7 


90  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA. 


Aquae  (waters)  are  solutions  of  volatile  principles 
in'water.     Officinal,  i8: 

Aqua —  Aqua — 

Ammonise.  Cinnamomi. 

Ammonise  fortior.  Creosoti. 

Amygdalse  amane.  Destillata. 

Anisi.  Foeniculi. 

Aurantii  florum.  Hydrogenii  dioxidi. 

Auranlii  florum  fortior.  Menthse  piperitse. 

Camphorae.  Menthae  viridis. 

Chlori.  Rosse. 

Chloroforrai.  Rosse  fortior. 

S^irilus  (spirits)  are  alcoholic  solutions  of  volatile 
principles.     Officinal,  25  : 


Spiritus — 

Gaultherise. 

Glonoini. 

Juniperi. 

Juniperi  compositus. 

Lavandulae. 

Limonis. 

Menthae  piperitae. 

Menthae  viridis. 

Myrciae. 

Myristicse. 

Phosphori. 

Vini  Gallici. 


Spiritus — 
^theris. 

^Etheris  compositus. 
/Etheris  nitrosi. 
Ammoniae. 

Ammoniae  aromaticus. 
Amygdalae  amarae. 
Anisi. 
Aurantii. 

Aurantii  compositus. 
Camphorae. 
Chloroformi. 
Cinnamomi. 
Frumenti. 

Tinctiixa-  (tinctures)  are   alcoholic  solutions   of 
non-volatile  principles.     Officinal,  72  : 

Tinctura —  Per  Cent.     Tinctura —  Per  Cent. 

Aconiti, 35         Aloes  at  myrrhae,  ...  10 

Aloes, 10         Arnicae  florum,  ....  20 


92  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA. 


93 


Tinctura—  p,r  Cent. 

Arnicae  radicis,  .  .  .  .  lo 
AsafcEtidce,  .....  20 
Aurantii  amari,  ....  20 
Aurantii  dulcis,  ....  20 
Belladonnae     (Pharm. , 

1880), 15 

Belladonnae  foliorum,     •  15 

Benzoini, 20 

Benzoini  composita,       .  12 

Bryonice, 10 

Calendulas, 20 

Calumbae, 10 

Cannabis  indicse,    ...  15 

Cantharidis, 5 

Capsici, 5 

Cardamomi, lo 

Cardamomi  composita,  .  2 
Catechu  composita,    .    .  lo 

Chiratae,      lo 

Cimicifugae, 20 

Cinchonae, 20 

Cinchonae  composita,     .  10 

Cinnamomi, 10 

Colchici  (Pharm.,  1880).  15 
Colchici  seminis,    .    .    .15 

Croci, .    .  10 

Cubebae,       20 

Digitalis, 15 

Tincturae   herbarum   recenti- 
ura,      50 

Tinctura — 

Ferri  chloridi,  ....  25 
Gallae 20 


Tinctura —  Per  Cent. 

Gelsemii, 15 

Gentianae  composita,     .  10 

Guaiaci, 20 

Guaiaci  ammoniata,  .    .  20 

Humuli,       2o 

Hydrastis, 20 

Hyoscyami, 1 5 

lodi, 7 

Ipecacuanhae  et  opii,      100 

Kino, 10 

Krameriae,      20 

Lactucarii,      50 

Lavandulae  composita,  .     8 

Lobeliae, 20 

Matico, 10 

Moschi, 5 

Myrrhae 20 

Nucis  vomicae,    ....    2 

Opii, 10 

Opii    camphorata,    less 


than 


Opii  deodorati,  .    .    .    .10 
Physostigmatis,  .    .    .    .15 

Pyrethri, 20 

Quassiae, 10 

Quillajae, 20 

Rhei, 10 

Rhei  aromatica,      .    .       20 
Rhei  dulcis,    .        ...  10 

Sanguinariae, 15 

Saponis  viridis  (Pharm  , 

1880),    

Scillae, 15 


94  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  95 

Tinctura —                          Per  Cent.  Tinctura —                  Per  Cent. 

Serpentariae, 10         Valerianae, 2(5 

Stramonii(Pharm.,l88o),i5  Valerianae  ammoniata,  .  20 

Stramonii  serainis,      .    .  15         Vanilke,       lo 

Strophanthi, 5  Veratri  viridis,    ....  40 

Sumbul, 10         Zingiberis,       20 

Tolutana, 10 


^ 


The  misturae  (mixtures)  are  simply  preparations 
containing  an  insoluble  substance  which  is  held  in 
suspension  in  water,  usually  by  the  aid  of  some  viscid 
material.  These  form  in  some  cases  practically  an 
emulsion,  and  some  of  them  are  so  called  by  the  1890 
United  States  Pharmacopeia;  whereas  in  1880  they 
were  called  mixtures;  viz.,  the  1890  Pharmacopeia 
recognizes  five  mixtures  : 
Mistura —  Mistura — 

Cretae.  Potassii  citratis.    "^ 

Perri  composita.  Rhei  et  sodae. 

ALZaA^   Glycyrrhizae  composita. 

In  the  1880  Pharmacopeia  the  following  were 
called  mixtures,  but  the  1890  Pharmacopeia  defines 
them  as  Emulsions.     Officinal,  four : 

Emulsum —  Emulsum — 

Ammoniaci.  Asafoetidae. 

Amygdalae.  Chloroformi. 

Mucilagines  (mucilages)  are  watery  solutions  of 
gummy  substances.     There  are   four  officinal  muci- 
lages : 
Mucilage —  Mucilage — 

Acaciae.  Tragacanthae. 

Sassafras  raedullae.  Ulmi. 


96  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA. 


97 


Syrupi  (syrups)  are  mostly  watery  solutions  of 
sugary  substances,  though  a  few  contain  dilute  acetic 


acid.     Officinal, 


31 


Syrupus- 


Acacise. 
Acidi  citrici. 
Acidi  hydriodici. 
All'ii. 
Althcese. 
Amygdalae. 
Aurantii. 
Aurantii  florum. 
Calcii  lactophosphatis. 
Calcis. 
Ferri  iodidi, 

Ferri,  quininse,  et   strych- 
nin ge  phosphatum. 
Hypophosphitum. 
Hypophosphitum  cum  ferro 
Ipecacuanha. 


Syrupus — 

Kramerise, 

Lactucarii. 

Picis  liquidae. 

Pruni  virginianse. 

Rhei. 

Rhei  aromaticus. 

Rosae. 

Rubi. 

Rubi  idsei. 

Sarsaparillse  compositus. 

Scillse. 

Scillae  compositus. 

Senegge. 

Sennae. 

Tolutanus. 

Zingiberis. 


Mellita  (honeys)  have  for  their  basis  the  honey 
of  the  ordinary  honey-bee  {Apis  mellificd).  Offici- 
nal, two : 

Mel  despumatum. 
Rosfe. 

Aceta  (vinegars)  are  preparations  whose  men- 
struum is  dilute  acetic  acid  or  vinegar.  Officinal, 
two  : 

Acetum  opii. 
Scillse. 


98  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  99 

Vina  (wines),  menstruum  of  which  is  white  wine, 
containing  20  to  25  per  cent,  alcohol.  Officinal,  ten  : 

Vinum —  Vinum — 

Album.  Ferri  amarum, 

Antimonii.  Ferri  citratis. 

Colchici  radicis.  Ipecacuanhse. 

Colchici  seminis.  Opii. 

Ergotae.  Rubrum. 

Glycerita  (glycerites)  are  solutions  in  glycerin. 
Officinal,  six  : 
Glyceritum —  Glyceritum — 

Acidi  carbolici.  Boroglycerini. 

Acidi  tannici.  Hydrastis. 

Amyli.  Vitelli. 

Olei  (oils)  are  volatile  or  non-volatile,  obtained,  as 
a  rule,  by  distillation  of  plants,  although  a  few  are 
obtained  by  expression.     Officinal,  50  : 

Oleum —  Oleum — 

Adipis.  Caryophylli. 

yEthereum.  Chenopodii. 

Amygdalae  amarae.  Cinnamomi. 

Amygdalae  expressum.  Copaibae. 

Anisi.  Coriandri. 

Aurantii  corticis.  Cubebas. 

Aurantii  florum.  Erigerontis. 

Bergamii  (Pharm.,  1880).  Eucalypti. 

Bergamottae.  Foeniculi. 

Betulae  volatile.  Gaultheriae. 

Cadinum  [Juniperi  empy-  Gossypii  seminis. 

Cajuputi.        [reumatictim).  Hedeomae. 

Cari.  Jecoris  aselli  [Morrhius). 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  lOI 

Oleum —  Oleum— 

Juniperi.  Ricini. 

Juniperi  empyreumaticum  Rosse. 

[Cadimim).  Rosmarini. 

Lavandulae  florum.  Sabinae, 

Limonis.  Santali. 

Lini.  Sassafras. 

Menthse  piperitae.  Sesami. 

Menthae  viridis.  Sinapis  volatile. 

yi-OYxhwdi  [Jecoris  aselli).  Terebinth inas. 

Myrciae.  Terebinthinae  rectificatum. 

Myristicse.  Theobromatis  (Theobromae, 
Olivcx.  Pharm.,  1880). 

Phosphoratum.  Thymi, 

Picis  liquidae.  Tiglii. 
Pimentae. 

Test  for  Volatile  or  Non-volatile   Oils. — 

The  volatile  oils  evaporate  entirely  if  a  drop  is 
placed  on  paper,  leaving  no  greasy  mark  as  do  the 
fixed,  non-volatile  oils. 

Oleoresinse  (oleoresins)  are  ethereal  extracts  of 
drugs  containing  an  oil  and  a  resin.  Officinal,  six  : 
Oleoresina —  Oleoresina — 

Aspidii.  Lupulini. 

Capsiei.  Piperis. 

Cubebae.  Zingiberis. 

Elixirs  (indeclinable)  are  usually  made  with  a 
menstruum  of  dilute  alcohol,  as  are  also  the  succi, 
or  fruit  juices  (which  are  juices  of  the  fresh  fruits 
with  enough  alcohol  to  preserve  them),  as  succus 
limonis.  Two  elixirs  are  officinal : 
Elixir  aromaticum. 

Phosphori. 


I02  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  io^ 

Resinae  (resins)  are  made  by  adding  water  to  the 
saturated  alcoholic  solutions  of  the  resins,  thus  caus- 
ing a  precipitation.  They  are  soluble  in  alcohol  but 
not  in  water.     Officinal,  five: 

Resina —  Resina — 

(Residue  of  turpentine.)  Podophylli. 

Copaibae.  Scammonii. 
Jalapce. 

Confectiones  (confections)  are  remedies  incor- 
porated into  the  form  of  candy.     Officinal,  two  : 

Confectio  rosse. 
Sennae. 

Trochisci  (troches,  lozenges,  pellets)  are  small 
masses  of  various  shapes  made  to  dissolve  slowly  in 
the  mouth,  mainly  to  medicate  the  throat  and  mouth. 
Officinal,  15  : 

Trochisci —  Trochisci — 

Acidi  tannici.  Krameriae. 

Ammonii  chloridi.  Menthae  piperitse. 

Catechu.  Morphinse  et  ipecacuanhae. 

Cret?e.  Potassii  chloratis. 

Cubebae.  Santonini. 

Ferri.  Sodii  bicarbonatis. 

Glycyrrhizae  et  opii.  Zingiberis. 
Ipecacuanhae. 

Suppositoria  (suppositories)  are  conic  masses  of 
oil  of  theobroma  (butter  of  cacao)  combined  with 
various  medicaments,  intended  for  use  in  the  rectum, 
vagina,  and  urethra.     Rectal  and  urethral  supposi- 


I04  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  I05 

tories  should  weigh  about  one  gram  ;  for  vaginal  use, 
three  grams.     Officinal : 
Suppositoria  glycerini. 

Unguenta  (ointments)  contain  of  yellow  wax  20 
per  cent.,  of  lard  80  per  cent. ;  for  external  use  only. 
Officinal,  22  : 
Unguentum —  Unguentum — 

Acidi  carbolici.  Hydrargyri  oxidi  rubri. 

Acidi  tannici.  lodi. 

Aquae  rosoe.  lodoformi. 

Belladonnae.  Picis  liquidae. 

Chrysarobini.  Plumbi  carbonatis. 

Diachylon.  Plumbi  iodidi. 

Gallae.  Potassii  iodidi. 

Hydrargyri.  Stramonii. 

Hydrargyri  ammoniati.  Sulphuris. 

Hydrargyri  nitratis.  Veratrlnse. 

Hydrargyri  oxidi  flavi.  Zinci  oxidi. 

Cerata  (cerates)  contain  of  white  wax  30  per  cent, 
and  of  lard  70  per  cent.     Officinal,  five  : 
Ceratum —  Ceratum — 

Camphorge.  Plumbi  subacetatis. 

Cantharidis.  Resinae. 

Cetacei. 

Extracta    (extracts)    are   made   by   evaporating 
solutions  of    vegetable   substances,    sometimes    the 
fresh  juice,  resulting  in  a  soft  mass.     Officinal,  33  : 
Extractum —  Extractum — 

Aconiti.  Belladonnse  foliorum   alco- 

Aloes.  holicum. 

Arnicae  radicis.  Cannabis  indicae. 

8 


Io6  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA. 


107 


Extractum — 
Iridis. 
Jalapae. 
Juglandis. 
Kramerise. 
Leptandne. 
Nucis  vomicae. 
Opii. 

Physostigmatis. 
Podophylli. 
Quassiae. 
Rhei. 

Stramonii  seminis. 
Taraxaci. 
Uvse  ursi. 


Extractum — 
Cimicifugae. 
Cinchonae. 
Colchici  radicis. 
Colocynthidis. 
Colocynthidis  compositum. 
Conii. 
Digitalis. 
Ergotoe. 
'     Euonymi. 
Gentianoe. 
Glycyrrhizae. 
GlycyrrhiziK  purum. 
Haematoxyli. 
Hyoscyami. 

Extracta  fluida  (fluid  extracts)  are,  as  a  rule, 
the  most  powerful  of  the  liquid  preparations,  and 
generally  one  minim  is  equal  to  one  grain  of  the  crude 
drug.     Officinal,  ^Z : 


Extractum — 

Aconiti  fluidum. 
Apocyni  fluidum. 
Arnicae  radicis  fluidum. 
Aromaticum  fluidum, 
Asclepiadis  fluidum. 
Aspidospermatis  fluidum. 
Aurantii  amari  fluidum. 
I^elladonnas  radicis  fluidum 

(Belladonnse        fluidum, 

Pharm.,  1880.) 
Buchu  fluidum. 
Calami  fluidum. 
CulumbK  fluidum. 


Extractum — 

Cannabis  indicae  fluidum. 
Capsici  fluidum. 
Castaneae  fluidum. 
Chimaphilae  fluidum. 
Chiratae  fluidum. 
Cimicifugae  fluidum. 
Cinchonae  fluidum. 
Cocae  fluidum. 
Colchici  radicis  fluidum. 
Colchici  seminis  fluidum. 
Conii  fluidum. 
Convallariae  fluidum. 
Cubebae  fluidum. 


Io8  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA. 


109 


Extractum — 

Cusso  fluidum. 
Cypripedii  fluidum. 
Digitalis  fluidum. 
Dulcamarse  fluidum. 
Ergotoe  fluidum. 
Eriodictyi  fluidum. 
Erythroxyli      fluidum 

(Pharm.,  1880). 
Eucalypti  fluidum. 
Eupatorii  fluidum. 
Frangulse  fluidum. 
Gelsemii  fluidum, 
Gentianx  fluidum. 
Geranii  fluidum-. 
Glycyrrhizne  fluidum. 
Gossypii  radicis  fluidum. 
Grindeliie  fluidum. 
Guaranae  fluidum. 
Hamamelidis  fluidum 
Hydrastis  fluidum. 
Hyoscyami  fluidum. 
Ipecacuanhae  fluidum. 
Iridis  fluidum. 
Krameriae  fluidum. 
Lappse  fluidum. 
Leptandne  fluidum. 
Lobelise  fluidum. 
Lupulini  fluidum. 
Matico  fluidum. 
Menispermi  fluidum. 
Mezerei  fluidum. 
Nucis  vomicae  fluidum. 
Pareirae  fluidum. 


Extractum — 

Phytolaccae  radicis  fluidum. 

Pilocarpi  fluidum. 

Podophylli  fluidum. 

Pruni  virginianae  fluidum. 

Quassiae  fluidum. 

Rhamni  purshianae  flui- 
dum. 

Rhei  fluidum. 

Rhois  glabrae  fluidum. 

Rosae  fluidum. 

Rubi  fluidum. 

Rumicis  fluidum. 

Sabinas  fluidum. 

Sanguinariae  fluidum. 

Sarsaparillae  fluidum. 

Sarsaparillae  fluidum  com- 
positum. 

Scillas  fluidum. 

Scoparii  fluidum. 

Scutellariae  fluidum. 

Senegae  fluidum. 

Sennae  fluidum. 

Serpentariae  fluidum. 

Spigeliae  fluidum. 

Stillingiae  fluidum. 

Stramonii  s  e  m  i  n  i  s  flui- 
dum (Stramonii  fluidum, 
Pharm.,  1880.) 

Taraxaci  fluidum. 

Tritici  fluidum. 

Uvae  ursi  fluidum. 

Valerianae  fluidum. 

Veratri  viridis  fluidum. 


no  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  Ill 

Extractum —  Extractum — 

Viburni  opuli  fluidum.  Xanthoxyli  fluidum. 

Viburni  prunifolii  fluidum.  Zingiberis  fluidum. 

Emplastra  (plasters)  are  prepared  by  spreading — 
by  means  of  heat — on  muslin,  silk,  etc.,  the  material 
intended  for  external  application.     Officinal,  13  : 
Emplastrum —  Emplastrum — 

Ammoniaci  cum  hydrar-  Ichthyocollae. 

gyro.  Opii. 

Arnicae.  Picis  burgundicse. 

Belladonnse,  Picis  cantharidatum. 

Capsici.  Plumbi. 

Ferri.  Resinse. 

Hydrargyri.  Saponis. 

Pilulae  (pills)  are  small  rounded  masses  to  be 
swallowed  whole.  They  include  only  such  sub- 
stances as  are  (i)  of  bad  taste ;  (2)  of  small  dose ;  (3) 
of  drugs  having  slow  action ;  (4)  of  substances  too 
heavy  for  suspension  in  liquids,  or  insoluble  therein. 
For  obvious  reasons  we  can  not  use  in  pill  form  sub- 
stances— (i)  of  large  dose;  (2)  when  rapid  action  is 
desired  (as  emetics,  etc.);  (3)  corrosive  substances; 
(4)  deliquescent  salts.  Officinal,  15  : 
Piluloe—  Pilulse— 

Aloes.  Catharticce  vegetabiles. 

Aloes  et  asafoetidse.  Ferri  carbonatis. 

Aloes  et  ferri.  Ferri  iodidi. 

Aloes  et  mastiches.  Opii. 

Aloes  et  myrrhse.  Phosphori. 

Antimonii  composite.  Rhei. 

Asafoetidse.  Rhei  compositoe. 

Catharticoe  compositae. 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  II3 

Pulveres  (powders)  are  remedies,  always  dry 
substances,  dispensed  in  small  papers,  each  of  which 
contains  one  dose.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
deliquescent  salts,  volatile  substances,  and  substances 
which  liquefy  when  brought  together, — chloral  and 
camphor,  for  example, — are  unfit  for  use  in  this  man- 
ner.    Officinal,  nine : 

Pulvis — 

Antimonialis.  — ^  Ipecacuanhae  et  opii. 

Aromaticus.  X^Jalapae    compositus    {Pur- 

.  yN^Cretse  compositus.  gans). 

j^  \\Effervescens  compositus.  Morpliinse  compositus. 

^  LA^Glycyrrhizge  compositus.  ,  Rhei  compositus. 

Chartae  (papers)  are  medicated  papers,  as  a  rule, 
to  be  burned  in  order  that  the  vapor  of  drug  they 
contain  may  be  inhaled,  or  for  external  application. 
Officinal,  two : 

Charta  potassii  nitratis. 
Sinapis. 

Linimenta  (liniments)  are  intended  to  be  used  ex- 
ternally, as  a  rule,  to  be  applied  with  friction,  and 
are  generally  of  a  soapy  or  oily  consistency.  Officinal, 
nine  : 

Linimentum —  Linimentum — 
Ammonige.  Saponis. 

Belladonnae.  Saponis  mollis. 

Calcis.  Sinapis  compositum. 

Camphorse.  Terebinthinae. 

Chloroformi. 


114  ^'OR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  II5 

Collodium  (collodions). — Solutions  of  ether  in 
gun-cotton  which  rapidly  evaporate  when  applied  to 
the  skin,  forming  a  translucent  film  containing  the 
medicament  and  protecting  the  part  to  which  it  is 
applied.     Officinal,  three  : 

Collodium  cantharidatum. 
Flexile. 
Stypticum. 

Beside  the  above-mentioned  officinal  preparations 
we  have  the  following 

NON-OFFICINAL  PREPARATIONS. 

Enema  (enema  or  clyster). — Liquids  to  be  in- 
jected per  rectum. 

Bougia. — Small  cylinders  of  cacao  butter  mixed 
with  the  remedy  to  be  used  in  uterus  and  urethra. 

Pesoaria. — Vaginal  suppositories. 

Granulum  (granules). — Very  small  pills  contain- 
ing powerful  drugs. 

Dragees. — Sugar-coated  pills  of  French  origin. 

Cachets. — These  consist  of  two  depressed  discs 
of  flour-paper  in  the  interior  of  which  the  remedy — 
generally  given  in  large  dose — is  placed.  These  be- 
come very  slippery  when  placed  in  the  mouth,  and 
large  doses  of  drugs  disagreeable  to  the  taste  may 
thus  be  taken  without  awakening  the  repugnance  of 
the  patient. 

Cachous. — Small,  highly  perfumed  pills,  often 
covered  with  gold-  or  silver-foil ;  used  mostly  to  per- 
fume the  breath. 


Il6  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


CHAPTER  II. 

AVERAGE  DOSES. 

'  Although,  of  course,  we  can  not  give  one  definite, 
absolute  dose  for  any  drug  or  drugs,  still,  for  purposes 
of  study,  the  following  list  will  be  found  sufficiently 
accurate.  Naturally,  the  student  understands  that 
the  dose  must  be  modified  to  suit  the  case  in  hand, 
as  explained  in  a  previous  chapter. 

Crude  drugs  may  be  given  in  gr.  v-x  doses. 

Exceptions^  poisons  (see  list  under  Tinctures  and 
Fluid  extracts) ;  dose  when  used,  gr.  j,  about. 

Extracts  may  be  given  in  doses  of  gr.  j-iij. 

Exceptions^  poisons  (see  list  under  Tinctures  and 
Fluid  extracts);  dose,  gr.  }i-}^. 

Fluid  extracts  may  be  given  in  n\^x  doses. 

Exceptions,  Poisons  :  fluid  extracts  of  aconite, 
belladonna,  digitalis,  squill,  stramonium,  veratrum 
viride,  the  dose  of  all  these  being  ni,j-ij ;  and  the 
fluid  extracts  of  colchicum  seed,  TT\^ij-xj  colchicum 
root,  Tr^ij-v;  sanguinaria,  tt\^J-v;  nux  vomica,  WLJ-v. 

Tinctures  may  be  given  in  doses  of  f3ss-ij. 

Exceptions,  Poisons  :  tinctures  of  digitalis,  iodine, 
nux  vomica,  opium,  and  deodorized  tincture  of  opium, 
TT^^ij-x;  aconite,  TT\^j-iij ;  belladonna,  n^^x-xx;  col- 
117 


Il8  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  II9 

chicum,  n\^v-xxx  ;  physostigma,  tt|,x-xv  ;  squill, 
ni^v-xxx. 

Infusions  and  decoctions  may  be  given  in 
f,^ss-ij  doses,  except  infusion  of  digitalis,  f^j-iv. 

Syrups  may  be  given  in  f^j-ij  doses,  except 
the  syrups  of  iron  and  compound  syrup  of  squill, 
TT^^V— xxx. 

'  Mixtures  and  emulsions  may  be  given  in 
f^ss  doses. 

Oils  may  be  given  internally  in  Ti|^ij-v-x  doses, 
except  Poisons  {croton  oil  and  phosphorated  oil,  w\,]) 
and  castor  oil  and  cod-liver  oil,  f^ss. 

Alkaloids  may  be  given  in  doses  of  gr.  g^Q-sV" 
^Jg-,  except  aconitine,  gr.  ^\-^ ;  caffeine,  gr.  ij-xv ; 
quinine  and  its  associated  alkaloids,  gr.  ij-xx ;  mor- 
phine and  its  associated  alkaloids,  gr.  ^-^-^  ; 
pelletierine  and  isopelletierine,  gr.  v-x. 

Note. — An  alkaloid  (vegetable  alkali)  is  "  a  vegetable  ex- 
tract capable  of  uniting  with  acids  to  form  salts,"  as  does 
ammonia,  etc. 

A  glucoside  is  "an  organic  substance  which  is  resolvable  by 
the  presence  of  acids,  or  other  slight  chemical  influence,  into 
glucose  and  some  other  proximate  principle"  (Example:  Cer- 
tain varieties  of  tannic  acid  form  glucose  and  gallic  acid,  etc.). 


20  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


CHAPTER  III. 

OFFICINAL  DRUGS    AND   PREPARATIONS.— 
IMPORTANT  NON-OFFICINAL  PREPARA- 
TIONS,—DOSES. 

The  study  of  materia  medica  renders  necessary 
the  knowledge  of  the  following  points  in  reference 
to  each  and  every  substance  employed  therein,  viz.  : 

1.  English  name. 

2.  Scientific  name. 

3.  Physical  characteristics. 

4.  Chemic  constituents. 

5.  Incompatibles  (if  any). 

6.  Antidotes  (if  poisonous). 

7    Preparations  (United  States  Pharmacopeia). 

8.  Doses  (of  crude  drug  and  its  preparations). 

9.  Adulterations. 

10.  Habitat. 

11.  How  made  (of  chemicals). 

12.  Parts  of  plant  used  (if  of  vegetable  kingdom). 

13.  Parts  of  animal  used  (if  animal). 

The  classification  adopted  by  Dr.  H.  C.  Wood  in 
''  Therapeutics  :  Its  Principles  and  Practice,"  will  be 
followed  in  the  consideration  of  the  drugs  to  follow : 
Division    I. — Systemic  Remedies, 
Division  II  — Extraneous  Remedies. 
9  121 


122  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 23 

SYSTEMIC   REMEDIES 
May  again  be  divided  into — 

(a)  General  remedies  y  "affecting  the  tissues  of  the 
body  generally,  or  such  organized  systems  as  reach 
all  portions  of  the  body." 

(J?)  Local  remedies i  those  affecting  only  one  organ 
of  the  body. 

The  general  remedies  may  be  divided  into  the 
following  three  orders : 

I.  Nervines,  acting  on  the  nervous  system. 
II.  Cardiants,  acting  on  the  circulation. 
III.  Nutrients,  acting  on  the  general  nutrition. 

Nervines. 

A.  Medicines  acting  on  the  cerebrum. 

B.  Medicines  acting  on  the  remainder  of  the  ner- 

vous system. 

A.  Family  i. — Antispasmodics,  employed  for 
the  relief  of  minor  spasms  and  nervous  manifesta- 
tions, are  feeble  cerebral  stimulants. 

Family  2.  —  Anesthetics  are  used  to  produce 
anesthesia  (local  and  general). 

Family  3  — Somnifacients,  in  proper  doses  pro- 
duce sleep  without  delirium. 

Family  4  — Delirifacients,  in  proper  doses  pro- 
duce delirium  first,  then  stupor. 

B.  Family  5. — Excito-motors — drugs  causing 
violent  tetanic  spasms  in  overdose. 


124  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 25 

Family  6. — Depresso-motors  —  drugs  causing 
paralysis  in  overdose. 

Cardiants. 

Family  i. — Cardiac  stimulants— drugs  which 
increase  arterial  pressure. 

Family  2. — Cardiac  depressants — drugs  which 
decrease  arterial  pressure. 

Nutrients. 

Family  i. — Astringents — drugs  causing  con- 
traction of  various  organs. 

Family  2. — Tonics — drugs  which  increase  nutri- 
tioh  and  vital  power. 

Family  3. — Alteratives — drugs  which  modify 
nutrition  and  overcome  "  certain  chronic  pathologic 
processes. ' ' 

Family  4. — Antiperiodics — drugs  which  over- 
come the  effects  of  malarial  poisoning. 

Family  5.  —  Antipyretics — drugs  which  over- 
come febrile  movements. 


126  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  I  27 

Local  Remedies. 
Family    i. — Stomachics. 
Family    2  — Emetics. 
Family    3. — Cathartics. 
Family    4. — Diuretics. 
Family    5. — Diaphoretics. 
Family    6. — Expectorants. 
Family    7. — Emmenagogues. 
Family    8. — Oxytocics. 
Family    9. — Sialagogues. 
Family  10. — Errhines. 
Family  ii. — Epispastics. 
Family  12. — Rubefacients. 
Family  13. — Escharotics. 
Family  14  — Demulcents. 
Family  15. — Emollients. 
Family  16. — Protectives. 

EXTRANEOUS  REMEDIES. 
Family  i. — Antacids. 
Family  2. — Anthelmintics. 
Family  3. — Digestants. 
Family  4. — Absorbents. 
Family  5. — Disinfectants. 


128  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


5  0 '4^ 


U'—  ^' 


^faA'\ 


/ 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 29 

/  ORDER  I.— NERVINES. 

FAMILY  I.— ANTISPASMODICS. 
Drugs   capable   of  controlling   minor   spasms   of 
voluntary  or  involuntary  muscles. 

Officinal  Name,  MOSCHUS.     English  Name,  MUSK. 
Definition. — Dried  secretions  from  the  preputial 
follicles  of  Moschus  moschiferus  (musk  deer). 

Class. — Mammalia.  Order. — Ruminantia.  Habi- 
tat. —  Thibet.  Physical  Properties.  —  Irregular, 
crumbly  grains ;  dark  red-brown  ;  peculiar,  penetrat- 
ing, persistent  odor  ;  bitter  taste. 

The  crude  drug  is  given  in  doses  of  gr.  v-xv  in 
emulsion,  capsule,  or  injection  (per  rectum). 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Tinctura  Moschi, f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  VALERIANA.     English  Name, 
VALERIAN. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Valeri- 
ana officinalis. 

Natural  Order. — Valerianese.  Habitat. — Europe. 
Physical  Properties. — Its  peculiar  odor,  resembling 
perspiration  (due  to  valerianic  acid),  ^becomes 
stronger  on  keeping ;  taste  camphoraceous  and 
bitter.  Contains  valerianic  acid  and  oil  of  valerian^ 
both  volatile. 


13°  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ft/    ■  ; 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  13I 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Valerianae  riuiduni,      .    .      f^ss-j. 

Tinctura  Valerianaej^ f^ss-ij. 

Tinctura  Valerianae  Ammoniata,    .    .      f^ss-ij. 
Ammonii  Valerianas, gr.  ij-x. 

Iron^  quinine,  and  zinc  valerianate  will  be  con- 
sidered under  iron,  quinine,  and  zinc. 

Officinal  Name,  h!^S.YCPJ\\\>k.     English  Name,         \ 
ASAFETIDA. 
Definition. — h.  gum-resin  obtained  from  the  root 
of  Ferula  fcetida.  ^  /  -    ]< 

Natural  Order. — Umbelliferae.  Habitat. — Af- 
ghanistan. Physical  Properties. — Irregular  masses  of 
whitish  tears  imbedded  in  a  yellowish-gray,  sticky 
mass;  has  a  persistent,  alliaceous  odor,  and  bitter, 
acrid,  alliaceous  taste.    Contains  a  volatile  oil,  a  gum, 

and  a  resin.  /-    /"/Ow 

Officinal  Preparations.'^  ^  '^'^     ^ 

Emulsura   or  Mistura  (Pharm.,   1880) 

Asafcetidae, f^ss-j. 

Pilulae  Aloes  et  Asafcetidae  (aloes,  asa- 
fetida,  and  soap,  of  each  gr.  i^). 

Pilulce  Asafcetidae,  each, gr.  iij. 

Tinctura  Asafcetidae,    .    .    .    .,       .    .     f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  CAMPHOr'a.    English  Name,  CAMPHOR. 
Definition. — A  stearopten  (having  the  nature  of 
a  ketone)  from  the  Cinnamomum  camphora. 

*  Mistura  magnesiae  et  asafcetidae  (De wees'  Carminative),  no 
longer  officinal,  contain  mag.  carbonate,  seven  per  cent.;  lauda- 
num, one  per  cent.;  tinct.  asafcetidae,  seven  per  cent.;  sugar 
and  water. 


/^ 


132  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


•! 

j 

i 

'A 


-f'v 


^i  i 


-f-  .    .  A         fh\  l 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 33 

Natural  Order. — Laurineae.  Habitat. — China  and 
Japan.  Physical  Properties. — White,  tough,  trans- 
lucent masses  ;  crystalline,  penetrating,  characteristic 
odor,  and  pungent,  aromatic  taste.  Pulverizable  in 
presence  of  alcohol,  ether,  or  chloroform. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Aqua  CamphoRTe  (i  to  125),  .    .    .    .     f^^  ss-ij. 
Linimentum  Camphorse  (20  per  cent,  so-     _        £,    -     -   .  - 
lution  in  cotton-seed  oil).  . 

,  Linimentum  Saponis.       C£^ ._ .  ^---^/''^--vl-'-LLXlk^ 

uA'"'^^    Spiritus  Cara^orae  (ten  per  cent,  cam- 
phor),   .    .    .    .^   .    ...TV  .    .   gtt.  v-f3j. 
Tinctura  Opii  Camphorata  (^see  Opium).  /:o\^-<*-^'-^''^-^ 

/LA-   "--*    Camphora  Monobromata, gr.  iij-xv. 

Officinal  Name,   SPIRITUS   ^THERIS   COMPOSITUS. 

English  Name,  COMPOUND  SPIRIT  OF  ETHER 

(HOFFMANN'S   ANODYNE). 

Definition. — An  alcoholic  solution  of  ether  and 
ethereal  oil  made  as  follows : 

Ether. 325  c.  c. 

Alfipliol, 650    " 

Ethereal  Oil, .        .      25     " 

^"^  1000  c.  c. 

The  genuine  preparation  imparts  a  cloudiness  to 
water  when  about  45  drops  of  it  are  added  to  a  pint 
of  water.  Adulterations  remain  clear,  owing  to  ab- 
sence of  oil. 

Dose,  f,^ss-ij. 


134  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 35 

Officinal  Name,  HUMULUS.     English  Name,  HOPS. 

Definition. — Strobiles  of  Humulus  lupulus. 

Natural  Order. — Urticaceae.  Habitat. — Europe 
and  North  America.  Physical  Properties. — Ovate 
scales  containing  a  glandular,  yellowish  powder  called 
lupulin^  to  which  its  activity  is  due.  Scales  them- 
selves are  ^eenish,  have  an  aromatic  odor,  bitter, 
astringent  taste.     Crude  drug  used  only  for  poultices. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Tinctura  Humuli,       f^ss-ij. 

iTupulinum, gr.  x-xx. 

Extractum  Lupulini  Fluidum,  .    .    .    .  f^ss-j. 
Oleoresina  Lupulini, •    .    .    n\^v-xxx. 

Officinal  Name,  LACTUCARIUM.     English  Name,  LACTU- 

carTumTlettuce  opium. 

Definition. — Concrete  milky  juice  of  Lactuca 
virosa.  J   t  ( 

Natural  Order.  —  Compositae.  Habitat.  — Indi- 
genous. 

Dose  of  crude  drug,  gr.  x-^j. 

Officinal  Preparation . 
Tinctura  Lactucarii, f^ss-f^ij.      -      ' 

Officinal  Name,    CIMICIFUGA.     English   Name,    BLACK 

snakerootTblack  cohosh. 

Definition. — Rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Cimicifuga 
racemosa. 

Natural  Order.  —  Ranunculacese.  Habitat,  — 
United  States. 


i 

136  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES.  I 

1 

)  j 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 37 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Cimicifugre, gr.  }i--n]. 

^xtractuni  CiinicifugK  Fluidum,  .    .    .  f^:5.ss-j. 
Tinctura  Ciniicifugffi^. f^ss-ij. 

FAMILY  II.— ANESTHETICS. 

General  anesthetics  produce  loss  of  conscious- 
ness of  entire  body. 

Local  anesthetics  cause  loss  of  sensation  only 
in  the  part  of  the  body  to  which  they  are  applied, — 
practically  only  the  mucous  surfaces  and  superficial 
regions  of  the  body. 

NITROUS  OXID  (N2O),  LAUGHING  GAS,  NITRO- 
""  GEN  MONOXID.*        ' 

Definition. — Colorless,  practically  odorless,  gas, 
made  by  heating  ammonium  nitrate. 

NO3NH4  +  heat  =  N2O  +  2H2O. 

Used  mainly  in  dentistry.  Administered  by  in- 
halation. 

Officinal  Name,  ^THER^     English  Name,  ETHER,  SUL- 
PHURIC ETHER  {incorrect),  /ETHER  FORTIOR 
(Pharm.,  1880). 

Definition. — A  volatile  liquid  prepared  by  distil- 
ling alcohol  in  presence  of  sulphuric  acid.  Contains 
96  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  ethyl  oxide  [(CaHs)^©], 
and  about  four  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  Specific  gravity, 
0.728. 

*  Not  officinal. 
10 


'3 

0                        FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 

1       ^        ■ 

■' 

f-^    ( 

^  ^ 

■x^ 

Ut/^*"^ 

. 

>-(' 

1 

^  •— -'  _ 

Jk. 

;  "X^     . 

^.^/  .1^1..      k^ 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 39 

Physical  Properties. — Transparent,  colorless,  mo- 
bile liquid,  of  characteristic  odor  and  sweetish,  burning 
taste.  Volatile  and  highly  inflammable.  The  vapor, 
if  mixed  with  air  and  ignited,  explodes  violently  \ 
is  heavier  than  air,  and  therefore  may  be  used  in 
the  presence  of  artificial  light,  provided  the  light  is 
kept  higher  than  the  vapor. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Spiritus  Athens  (30  per  cent.),    .    .    .  f^ss-ij. 
Spiritus  ^-theris  Compositus,    .    .    .    .  f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  CHLOROFORMUM  (CHLORDFORMUM 

PURIFICATUM,  >h-amirrT8^').     English  Name, 

CHLOROFORM. 

Definition. — Volatile  liquid  obtained  by  distil- 
ling alcohol  in  the  presence  of  chlorinated  and  slaked 
lime.  It  is  clear,  heavy,  and  colorless,  has  a  sweet 
taste  and  characteristic  ethereal  odor.  Contains  99 
per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  absolute  chloroform  and  one 
per  cent,  alcohol.  Specific  gravity,  1.490  (about).  It 
is  not  inflammable,  but  its  vapor  burns  with  a  green 
flame. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

/  Aqua  Chlorofonni , f  .^  ss. 

[  JEmulsum  CHToroformi, ^.1  ss. 

Linimentuni  Chloroformi,  40  per  cent. 

chloroform  in  soap  linimelJt.'^ 
Spiritus  Chloroformij^  ten  per  cent.,     .  f^ss-ij. 

Bichloride  of  methylene,  bromoform,  and 
ethyl  bromide  somewhat  resemble  chloroform,  and 
are  occasionally  used  as  anesthetics. 


I40  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


^.  Hti, 


..<.  v^- 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  141 

Local  Anesthetics. — Cocaine  (see  Coca)  is 
used  as  a  local  anesthetic  on  mucous  membranes  by 
direct  application  and  consequent  absorption,  or 
under  skin  surfaces  by  hypodermic  injection  after 
checking  the  blood-supply  to  and  from  the  part. 

Dose  of  the  hydrochlorate,  gr.  }^. 

Eucaine  *  is  claimed  to  be  less  poisonous  and 
dangerous  than  cocaine.  Used  in  same  dose  and 
manner. 

The  rapid  evaporation  of  chloride  of  ethyl  pro- 
duces the  same  effect  as  freezing  of  a  part,  and  many 
small  operations  can  be  done  under  its  influence. 
Contained  in  glass  capsules,  from  which  it  is  sprayed 
on  the  part  until  anesthesia  follows. 

FAMILY  III.— SOMNIFACIENTS. 
Somnifacients  are  drugs  used  to  produce  sleep. 

Officinal  Name,  OPIUM.     English  Name,  OPIUM. 

Definition. — The  concfetey  milky  exudation  ob- 
tained by  incising  the  unripe  capsules  of  Papaver 
somniferum^  (poppy).       ^/  1 1;    ^^u^  '  "-^'c/"--/'^^^ 

Natural  Order.  — Papa veracese.  Habitat.  — Asia 
Minor,  Persia,  India,  etc.  Physical  Properties. — 
Irregular  cakes  wrapped  in  poppy  leaves ;  plastic  or 
harder ;  chestnut  brown  or  darker ;  sharp,  narcotic 
odor,  and  peculiar,  bitter  taste.     Must  yield  in  the 


*  Not  officinal. 


^A 


142  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 

1 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA   MEDICA. 


U3 


normal  moist  condition  not  less  than  ninej)e,r  cent. 
of^morghine,  its  principal  alkaloid. 

Officinal. 

Opii, 1 

Opii  Pulvis  (not  less  than  13  nor  more     1 

than  15  per  cent,  of  morphine),     .     \  Dose,  gr.  %-\]. 
^^    Opium  Deodoratum  (Opium  Denarco 
_^Jj^     tisatum,  Pharm.,  1880),  .    .    .    .    , 

^  Officinal  Preparations. 

Acetum  Opii, 1 

Vmum  Opii, 

Tinctura  Opii  (laudanum'^.   ..r^^r^    ! 
♦JTincturaOpii  Deodorati,    i    .    .    . 


Tincturalpecac.  et  Opii  (corresponds 
to  Dover's  powder), 

Tinctura  Opii^Cam^hotata  (paregoric)    ] 
contains  two  grains  of  opium  to  one 
fluidounce  ;  also  benzoic  acid,  cam- 
phor, oil  of  anise,  glycerin,  and  di- 
lute alcohol,  


ten  per  cent,  of 
opium.  Dose, 
TT\^x— XX. 

Dose,  f^ss-iv. 
gr.  ss. 


Extractum  Opii. 

Pilube  Opii,  each  contain  of  powdered 

opium, gr.  j. 

Pulvis  Ipecac,  et  Opii  [Dover^s powder) 

{(XTlTip.,  I  ;  sacch.  lactis,  8),  .    .    gr.  x. 
Trochiscj^  Opii  et  Glycyrrhiza^,     .    .    .    x  =:  gr.  j. 
Emplastrum  Opii,  ext.  opii, 6  in  ico. 

Opium  contains  a  number  of  alkaloids  in  com- 
bination with  meconic  and  thebolactic  acids.  Only 
morphine  and  codeine  are  officinal. 


144  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES.  ' 

I 


h 


f 


73    -■€-t-»-5>     -M^<rx-^J-^- 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 45 

Officinal  Preparations.  .  ^ 

Mqrphina,  usedinpharmacy.  t/fV'-t-ni.^^iA^^tt-. 

Morphinse  Sulphas, \  ^.^c— -^-».   C^ 

Morphinse  Acetas, >  gr.  yi-}^.    ,  ,^ 

MorpHTnEe  TTydrochloras, J 

_  Pulvis  Mor2hi"l^_^2ISE£5i^s  (morph. 
sulph.,    I;  camphor,   19;  excipient, 

80)  [Ttillji's powder) , gr.  x. 

TrochiscLM.orphin8e  et  Ipecacuanhae,  .  i  ^  gr.  ■^^. 

Codeina, gr.  %-\]. 

Narceina,*  Thebaina  or  Paramorphina,* 
Narcotina,*  Laudanina,*  Meconina,* 
Papaverina,*  Porphyroxina,"*  etc.,     .  gr.  ij-x. 
Apomorphinae  Hydrochloras  (see  Emetics),  *        / 

Jv\  >  VT/^^^^A^v ^r    C .   '-id       L  *^ '  ^ 

Solutions  of  opium  produce  a  blood-red  color  on 

the  addition  of  ferric  chloride  (due  to  meconic  acid). 
Morphine  strikes  a  deep  blue  with  ferric  chloride  and 
a  rich  orange-red,  fading  into  yellow,  with  concen- 
trated nitric  acid.  (See  different  result  with  quinine, 
under  Cinchona.) 

If  morphine  is  treated  with  cold,  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  (free  from  nitric  acid),  on  subsequent 
addition  of  a  small  crystal  of  potassium  permangan- 
ate a  greenish  color  only  should  be  produced.  Strych- 
nine gives  with  this  test  a  violet  or  purple  color. 

(For  Poisoning  see  chap,  on  Antidotes.) 

Officinal  Name,   CHLORAL.     En:^lish   Name,  CHLORAL 
HYDRATE   OR_CHLORAL. 

Definition. — A  volatile,  crystalline  solid,  of  aro- 
*  Not  officinal. 


146  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES.  J 

■'! 

t 

■■t 
i 

>, 

I 

1 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  147 

matic,  acrid  odor,  and  bitter,  caustic  taste.    Obtained 
by  acting  on  alcohol  with  chlorine. 

Preparation .  >>  O  7  '^  *'  * 

Chloralis, gr.  x-xxx. 

Chloral  forms  with  camphorj  chloral-camphor — a 
liquid  for  external  use  only.     .' v*^J    '■  •.    -•  -i**  y  v,  v 

HYOSCIN^  HYDROBROMAS,  gr.  ^^.     (See  Hyoscyaraus.) 

METACHLORAL,*  CHLORALAMID,*  CHLORALOSE,* 
AND   BUTYL"  CHLORAlT  HYDRATE,* 

All  modifications  of  chloral,  are  given  in  the  same 
manner  and  dose. 

SULPHONAL* 

Is  a  valuable  somnifacient  in  doses  of  gr.  x-^ss. 
TRIONAL  AND  TETRONAL* 


Are  given  in  the  same  dose  as  sulphonal. 

OJicinal  Name,  PARALDEHYDUM.     English  Name,  PAR- 
ALDEHYDE  (CjH^O). 

Definition. — Acetic  aldehyde  caused    by  oxida- 
tion, as  in  the  effect  of  chromic  acid  on  alcohol. 

Dose,  n\^xx-xl.         U  o '^Wv- l^  'w~-     M^L6*^w»-^ 

FAMILY   IV.— DELIRIFACIENTS. 
Remedies  causing  marked  dilatation  of  the  pupil, 
and  acting  on   the   cerebrum;    causing  delirium  in 
overdose.  ] 

*  Not  officinal. 


I4«  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


J  I 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  I49 

c 
Officinal  Name,  CANNABIS    INDICA.     English  Name, 

INDIANHHEMP,  INDIAN  CANNABIS.  .] 

Definition. — The  flowering  tops  of  the  female  i 

plant  of  the    Cannabis  sativa,  growni    in   the  East  \ 

Indies.  J 

Natural  Order. — Urticaceae.     Habitaf.T-^dJsX.  In- 
dies.  ^^ 


Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Cannabis  Indicse, gr.  }(-). 

Extractum  Carinabis  Indicae  Fluidum,  .  TT\,j-x. 

Tinctura^CannabisTnHicie, TT\^x-xxx.  j 

Officinal  Name,  English  Name,  j 


X 


BELLADONNA  FOLIA,   BELLADONNA  LEAYES, 
BET.LXDUNNi*^  R ADIX.   BELLADONNA  ROOT. 

Definition. — Leaves  and  root  of  Atropa  bella- 
donna (deadly  nightshade),  a  European  perennial. 
Natural  Order. — Solanacese.     Habitat. — Europe. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Leaf:  A—^-^-^ZX 

Extractum  Belladonnae  Foliorura  Alco- 

holicum, gr.  j^-^z- 

Tinctura  Belladonnse  Foliorum,  ....  TT\^x-xxx. 

Pool  : 

Extractum  Belladonnse  Radicis  Fluidum,  tT\j-ij. 
Emplastrum    Belladonnse,    2    parts    of 

alcoholic  ext.  to  10  parts  of  plaster. 
Linimentum  Belladonnee,  camphor,  50 

parts,  fluid  extract  belladonna  to  make  looo. 


I^O  FOR    THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  151 

Belladonna  contains  the  alkaloid  atropine,  offici- 
nal as  atropinae  sulphas,  gr.  y^q—^V 

An  alcoholic  solution  of  atropine  added  to  mercuric 
chloride  gives  a  yellow  precipitate  turning  to  red. 

It  may  also  be  tested  physiologically  by  applying 
the  suspected  solution  to  an  eye  of  a  lower  animal. 
Atropine  invariably  causes  dilatation  of  the  pupil. 

Atropine  is  incompatible  with  tannic  acid,  and 
alkalies  precipitate  atropine  from  the  various  solutions 
of  belladonna. 

Homatropine  is  an  artificial  alkaloid  and  is 
sometimes  preferred  as  a  mydriatic,  its  effect  passing 
off  sooner  than  that  of  atropine. 

(For  Poisoning  see  chap,  on  Antidotes.) 

Officinal    Name,    STRAMONII   SEMEN.     English    Name, 
STRAMONIUM  SEED. 

Definition. — The  seeds  of  the  Datura  stramonium, 
or  Jamestown  (Jimpson)  weed. 

Natural  Order. — Solanaceae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Stramonii  Seminis,    .        •    .  gr.  %-]. 
Extractum  Stramonii  Seminis  Fluidum,    n\j-v. 

Tinctura  Stramonii  Seminis, rr^v-xx. 

Unguentum  Stramonii  (ten  per  cent,  of  extract). 

Stramonium  yields  the  alkaloid  daturine,  which  is 
practically  the  same  in  action  as  atropine,  but  is  not 
officinal. 


152  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 

cl-i  ^ 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 53 

Officinal  Name,  HYOSCYAMUS.     English  Name,  HEN- 
BANE. 

Definition. — The   leaves  and  flowering  tops   of  * 
Hyoscyamus  niger,  from  plants  of  the  second  year's 

growth.  J 

Natural  Order. — Solanaceae.     Habitat. — Europe.  ^ 

I 

Officinal  Preparations.  \ 

Extraclum  Ilyoscyami , gr.  j-ij. 

Extractum  Myoscyami  Fluidum,    .    .    .    TT\^v-xx.  \ 

Tinctura  Hyoscyami, fp^ss-j.  i 

Hyoscyamus  yields  the  alkaloids  hyoscine  (hydro-  , 

bromate),  gr.  y^^— gV?  and  hyoscyamine  (sulphate  ! 

and  hydrobromate),  gr.  -^^ ;   both  are  officinal.  J 

Officinal  Name,  COCA  (ERYTHROXYLON,  Pharm.,  1880).  1 

English  Name,  COCA.  : 

Definition. — The    leaves   of    the   Erythroxylon  | 

coca.  I 

Natural      Order.  —  Linese.         Habitat.  —  South  ^ 

America.                          (^^-t^^^^  \ 

Officinal  Preparation. 

^xtractum  CocKpluidum, f^ss-ij. 

•J 

Its  alkaloid  is   CQjcaipe   (tiydrochlorate),   dose,  i 

gr.  /4^-j,  used  mostly  as  a  local  anesthetic.  ' 

Tropacocaine,  from  the  narrow-leaved  coca  of 

Java,  resembleSjlor  all  practical  purposes,  cocaine  in  \ 

its  action.  -'\ 

II 


JLAJ-^  '■' 


154  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


'-1aA\ 


<^ 


LA 


"^  a^-K^AX.^fZZJ 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 55 

FAMILY  v.— EXCITO-MOTORS.  ^^7 

These  remedies,  by  exciting  the  reflex  centers  of  ^ 
the  spinal  cord,  produce  in  normal  doses  increased 
muscular  activity ;  in  poisonous  doses  they  produce 
tetanic  convulsions. 

Officinal  Name,  NUX  VOMICA.  English  Name,  NUX 
VOMICA. 

Definition. — The  seed  of  Strj^chnos  nux-vomica. 
a  small  East  Indian  tree.       ^    fw'-'^v-  A -/vc  c^  -- . '    ' 

Natural  Order. — Logan  iacese.  Habitat. —  East 
Indies. 

Officinal  Preparations . 

Extractum  Nucis  Vomicae, gr.  >i^-ss. 

Extractum  Nucis  Vomicae  Fluidum,  .    .  Tl^j-v.  ^j^^_^ 

Tinctura  Nucis  Vomicae  (20  per  cent.),  rr^ij-x.  ,    ^     {   (^ 

Alkaloids. — Strychnine  (officinal)  and  brucine 
(non-officinal).     Strychninae  sulphas,  gr.  ^V~2V- 

Test. — A  crystal  of  potassium  dichromate  drawn 
through  a  solution  of  strychnine  in  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  produces  a  blue  color  changing  to  violet, 
purple-red,  then  orange  or  yellow. 

Brucine  gives  a  blood-red  color,  fading  into  yellow, 
with  nitric  acid. 

(For  Poisoning  see  chap,  on  Antidotes.) 


Officinal  Name,  IGNATIA  (Pharm.,  1880).     English  Name, 
IGNATIA. 

Definition. — This    drug,  no  longer   officinal,  is 


156  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 

l^-j  crir  vlXm^  — 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  157 

like  nux  vomica  in  action  and  contains  also  strych- 
nine and  brucine. 

FAMILY  VI.— DEPRESSO-MOTORS.        X^ 
By  depressing  the  spinal  centers  these  remedies 
lessen  muscular  activity. 

Officinal  Name,  PHYSOSTIGMA.  English  Name,  CALA- 
BAR BEAN. 

Definition. — The  j^^^  qf^  Physostigma  veneno- 
sum.  "' 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.  Habitat. — West 
coast  of  Africa. 

Contains  the  alkaloid  physostigmine  (or  eser- 
ine). 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Physostjgmatis, gr.  y%-]. 

Tinctura  Physostigmatis, TT\^v-xx. 

Physostigmiue  or  Eserine,  its  alkaloid,  is 
officinal  as :  "7^;;       7  /   '      ^'l-^ 


Pliysostigminae  Salicylas,    .    .    .^.M.    .  ^      ^ 

Physostigminae  Sulphas, J   ^'^^  ^o~r^* 

The  bromides  belong  to  this  class. 

J  Potassii  Bromidum, gr-  v-^j. 

"^l/Lithii  Bromidum, gr.  x-^ss. 

Nj  Sodii  Bromidum,      gr.  v-^j. 

^i    Ammonii  Bromidum, gr.  v-^^ss. 

Acidum  Hydrobromicum  Dilutum  (ten  • 
percent.), 3ss-j. 


158  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 59 

Officinal  Name,   AMXLJNITRIS.    English    Name,    AMYL 
NITRITE. 

Definition. — A  yellow,  oily,  very  volatile  liquid, 
containing  80  per  cent,  of  amyl  (mainly  isoamyl). 
Its  odor  resembles  that  of  fruit.  Almost  insoluble 
in  water  ;  miscible  with  alcohol  or  ether.  Prepared 
by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  amylic  alcohol  (fusel 
.  oil). 

Dose,  ^j-x  by  inhalation  ;  tt\^j-v,  internally. 

Officinal  Name,    SPIRITUS    GLONOINI.    English    Name, 
SPIRIT  drrnTROGLYCERIN  (GLONOIN). 

Definition. — An  alcoholic  (one  per  cent,  by 
weight)  solution  of  glonoin  (propenyl)  trinitrate. 
Clear  and  colorless,  resembling  alcohol  in  odor  and 
taste.  Great  caution  is  necessary  in  handling  it, 
owing  to  its  extremely  explosive  properties.  Should 
the  alcohol  evaporate  explosion  may  occur.  Tasting 
even  a  small  amount  may  cause  violent  headache. 
Prepared  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  glycerin. 

Dose,  n]^ss-j. 

Officinal  Name,      LOBELIA.      English    Name,      INDIAN 
TOBACCO. 

Definition. — The  leaves  and  tops  of  Lobelia  in- 
flata. 

Natural  Order. — Lobeliaceae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Contains  the  liquid  alkaloid  lobeline  (not  offi- 
cinal) and  lobelic  acid.    . 


l6o  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  l6l 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Lobelige  Fluidum,     ....  Tl\,v-xv. 
Tinctura  Lobeliae, n\^v-xxx. 

Officinal  NatAe,  GELSEMIUM.     English  Name,  YELLO\Y, 
OR  CAROLINA,  JASMINE. 

Definition. — Rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Gelsemium 
sempervirens. 

Natural  Order. — Loganiaceae.  Habitat. — Southern 
United  States. 

Contains  the  alkaloid  gelsemine,  and  gelseminic 
acid  (non-officinal). 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Gelseinii  Fluidum,    ....  Ti\^iij-v. 
Tinctura  ^£]spmifi — — tT\^x-xxx. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  HYDROBROMICUM  DILUTUM. 
English  Name,  DILUTED  HYDROBROMIC  ACID. 

Definition. — Ten  per  cent,  aqueous  solution  of 
absolute  hydrobromic  acid. 
Dose,  f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  TABACUM.    English  Name,  TOBACCO. 

Definition. — The  commercial,  dried  leaves  of 
Nicotiana  tabacum. 

Natural  Order. — Solanacese.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Contains  the  liquid  volatile  alkaloid  nicotine  and 
a  volatile  oil.  Rarely  used.  There  are  no  officinal 
preparations. 


1 62  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


^  CU".. 


I' 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  163 

Officinal  Name,  CONIUM.     English  Name,  HEMLOCK. 
Definition. — The   full-grown  fruit  of    Conium 
maculatum    or  hemlock  gathered  while   yet  green. 
Its  activity  depends  on  conine,  a  volatile  liquid  al- 
kaloid (not  officinal). 

Natural  Order. — Umbelliferge.  Habitat. — United 
States  and  Europe. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

.JjclraetuTn  Conii,         gr.  j-ij. 

Extractum^^mi  Fluidum, ^-v« 

As  the  preparations  vary  greatly  in  strength,  begin 
always  with  the  minimum  dose  and  increase  to  de- 
sired effect. 

< 

FAMILY  VIL— RESPIRATORY   STIMULANTS. 

Although  classified  under  different  headings,  am- 
monia, caffeine,  atropine,  cocaine,  and  strychnine 
are  valuable  also  as  respiratory  stimulants. 

Officinal  Name,  ASPIDOSPERMA.     English  Name, 
QUEBRACHO. 

Definition. — The  bark  oi  Aspidosperma  quebra- 
cho-blancho  (Schlechtendal). 

Natural  Order. — Apocynaceae.  Habitat. — South 
America. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Aspidospermatis  Fluidum,  .  f^X"/^- 

Contains  the  alkaloid  aspidospermine. 
Dose,  gr.  i^^-ss. 


164  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES.  ) 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 65 

ORDER  II.— CARDIANTS. 

FAMILY   I.— CARDIAC   STIMULANTS. 
These  remedies  increase  the  force  of  the  circula- 
tion, either  by  stimulating  the  heart  muscle  directly 
or  by  lessening  resistance  to  the  flow  of  blood  ;  /.  ^., 
dilating  the  arteries  through  which  it  runs. 

AMMONIA.* 
Definition. — A  colorless  irritant  gas,  alkaline  in 
reaction,  characteristic  in  odor,  extremely  soluble  in 
water.  Naturally  found  as  a  result  of  decaying  animal 
and  vegetable  matter.  Commercially  obtained  as  a 
by-product  in  the  manufacture  of  coal-gas. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

N  Spiritus  Aramoniae, ^v-f  3  ss. 

^  Spiritus  Ammonige  Aromaticus,      .    .     f^ss-ij. 
^  Aqua  Ammoniae,  ten  per  cent,  gas,  .    .    TT\^x-xx. 
^Aqua  Ammoniae  Fortior,  28  per  cent. 

gas, n\^ij-x. 

Liquor  Ammonii  Acetatis  (dilute  acetic 
acid  neutralized  by  carbonate  of  am- 
monium— Spirits  of  Minder ertis),     .  f^ss-ij. 
Linimentum  Ammoniae. 


Ammonii  Benzoas, 
Ammonii  Bromidui 
Ammonii  Carbonas 
Ammonii  Chloridum, gr.  v-^^ss. 


Ammonii  Bromidum, |     S^-  ^  ^^^ 

~,M  Ammonii  Carbonas,  .......     gr.  ij-x. 


*  Not  officinal  as  gas. 


1 66  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


CK/K 


ESSENTIALS    OF   MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 67 

Trochisci  Amnionii  Chloridi,     .    .   aa  gr.  ■^^. 

Ammonii  lodidum, gr.  ij-x. 

Ammonii  Phosphas,      gr.  x-xv. 

Ammonii  Valerianas, gr.  ij-x. 

Officinal  Name,  ALCOHOL. 
Definition. — A  transparent  volatile  liquid  ;  char- 
acteristic odor  and  taste  ;  91  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of 
ethyl  alcohol,  and  nine  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  water; 
specific  gravity,  0.820. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Alcohol  Dilutum. 
Alcohol  Absolutum,  specific  gravity,  0.797;    contains 

only  one  per  cent,  water. 
Alcohol  Deodoratum,  specific  gravity,  0.816  ;  7^  per 

cent,  water. 

Officinal  Name,  ALCOHOL  DILUTUM.     English  Name, 
DILUTED  ALCOHOL. 

Definition. — A  liquid  composed  of  41  per  cent., 
by  weight,  or  about  48.6  per  cent.,  by  volume,  of 
absolute  ethyl  alcohol,  or  about  59  per  cent.,  by 
weight,  of  water.  Alcohol  exists  in  the  following 
officinal  preparations,  viz.  : 

Spiritus  Frumenti. —  Whisky,  44  to  50  percent,  alcohol, by 
weight.  Obtained  by  the  distillation  of  fermented  grains 
(practically  distilled  beer).    Must  be  at  least  two  years  old. 

Spiritus  Vini  Gallici. — Bratidy,  39  to 47  percent,  alcohol, 
by  weight.  Obtained  by  distillation  of  fermented  grapes 
(practically  distilled  wine).  Must  be  at  least  four  years 
old. 


1 68  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 69 

Vinum  Album. —  White  wine,  lo  to  12  per  cent,  alcohol. 
Vinum  Rubrum. — Redjvine,  10  to  12  per  cent,  alcohol. 
Vinum  Album  Fortius. — Twenty  to  25  percent,  alcohol, 

used  as  menstruum  for  officinal  wines. 
Spiritus  Odoratus. — Cologne  water. 
Vinum  Aromaticum. — Aromatic  wine. 
Beer  and-  the  various  malts  (extracts,  etc.)  vary  from  three 

to  eight  per  cent,  of  alcohol. 

Officinal  Name,  DIGITALIS.    English  Maine,  FOXGLOVE 
(PURPLE). 

Definition. — Leaves  of  Digitalis  purpurea  from 
"^X^x^X.^  q{  second  year' s  growth.  Contains  four  glu- 
cosides,  viz.  :  digtfalin,  digitoxin,  digitonin^  and 
digit alein. 

Natural  Order. — Scropbularineae.  Habitat.  — 
Europe. 

Powdered  leaves  may  be  used  in  doses  of  gr.  ss-iij. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Digitalis, gr.  %-}. 

Extractum  Digitalis  Fluidum,    ....  TT^ss-ij. 

Tinctura  Digitalis, ITLv— xv. 

Infusum  Digitalis, ^7t]~^' 

Officinal  Name,  CAFFEINA.  English  Name,  CAFFEINE. 
Definition. — Feeble  alkaloid  obtained  from  dried 
leaves  of  Thea  sinensis  {natural  order,  Ternstroemi- 
aceae),  ordinary  tea,  from  Coffea  arabica  (natural 
order,  Rubiacese),  and  from  guarana*  (a  paste  from 

*  Officinal. 
12 


lyo  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 

■] 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.               171  ■ 

J 

crushed  seeds   of  Paullinia   sorbilis,   natural  order ^ 

Sapindacese).  « 

Officinal  Pi-eparations,  i 

CafFeina, gr.  ij-x. 

Caffeina  Citrata, gr.  x-xv.  ^ 

Caffeina  Citrata  EflFervescens,     .    .    .    .  gr.  x-xv.  , 

Officinal  Name,  CONVALLARIA.       English  Name,   LILY  ■ 

OF  THE  VALLEY.  i 

Definition. — The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Con- 

vallaria  majalis,  or  lily  of  the  valley.  , 

Natural   Order.  —  Liliaceae.     Habitat.  —  United  ^ 

States,  Holland.  j 

Contains  the  glucosides   convallarin  and  convai-  ! 

latnarin.  \ 

Officinal  Preparation.  -; 

Extractum  Convallarias  Fluidum,  ....  n\^v-xv. 

Officinal  Name,  STROPHANTHUS.     English  Name,  ' 

STROPHANTHUS.  ' 

Definition. — Seeds  of  Strophanthus  hispidus  de-  i 

prived  of  its  long  awn.     Used  as  arrow-poison  by  j 

the  African  natives.  ; 

Natural  Order. — ^Apocynacese.    Habitat. — Africa. 

Contains  the  active  principle  strophanthin.  \ 

'\ 

Officinal  Preparation.  '\ 

Tinctura  Strophanthi, TT\j-x.  j 


172  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.               1 73  [ 

Officinal  Name,  SPARTEINE  SULPHAS.     English  Name, 

SPARTEINE  SULPHATE.  | 

Definition. — The  neutral   sulphate  of  an   alka-  ! 

loid  obtained  from  Scoparius  or  broom  plant.  ; 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.     Habitat. — Indig-  \ 

enous.  \ 

Dose,  gr.    ^V~/4^    hypodermically ;    gr.    i^-ij  in  ' 

pill. 

ADONIDINE.*  ■ 

Definition. — A  glucoside  from   root  of  Adonis 

vernalis.  ] 

Natural     Order.  —  Ranunculaceae.       Habitat.  —  ^ 

Europe.  ; 

Dose,  gr.  ^-ss.  \ 

!■/  M' 

FAMILY  II.— CARDIAC  DEPRESSANTS.    ^  i  ^  I  ^  ' 

These  remedies  depress  the  heart's  action,  and  so  ; 

reduce  the  force  and  frequency  of  the  pulse.  j 

ANTIMONIU^I.t    ^-lytHl  [ryj^^-^^^/-^      \ 
Antimony  (metallic  element)  is  found  as  black  an- 

timonious  sulphide.  | 

Officinal  Preparations.  " 
Antimoniiet  Potassii  Tartras    {Tartar     Cyi^L^y^ytAjLj 

Emetic).     Dose,  as  diaphoretic  and       \       ^          \  J 
expectorant,  gr.  j2-}i  ',  as  emetic,  gr.       /j-A.'v>->«-    ^\^/(H.'*^^^^'<-^ 


^^        ss-j,  repeat  if  necessary. //^V\M/. 

*  Not  officinal. 
^^^/-^  f  The  metal  itself  is  not  officinal.     Antidote,  tannic  acid. 


174  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.                1 75  j 

1 

Pulvis  Antimonialis  (antimony  oxide,  23  ^ 
per  cent, ;  precipitated  calcium  phos- 
phate, 67  per  cent),  yir/ww' /^^a/^e-r,  .   gr.  iij-x.                         '       1 

Antimonii  Sulphidum  Purificatum.  , 

Antinionuin^Sulphuratum , gr,  j-v. 

Pilulje   Antimonii    Composite    i^Plum- 
mers  pills),  aa  gr.    2^  of  antimony 

and  calomel.  j 

Antimonium  Oxidmn, gr.  j-ij.  "I 

Vinum  Antimonii,  four  grams  of  tartar  [ 

emetic    to    looo    c.  c.    of    solution.  '' 

Diaphoretic  and  expectorant  dose,    .   Ti\^v-xx.  l 

Emetic  dose, f^j-iv.  ] 

Syrupus  Scillpe   Compositus  contains  of  ' 

tartar  emetic  2  gm.  to  looo  c.  c,  .    ,   Tif\^v-f3J.  , 

Officinal  Name,  VERATRUM  VIRIDE.     English  Name, 

.  GREEN  OR"a^ERICAN_JIF,t  t  fror f.  ; 

Definition. — Rhizonie  and   rootlets  of  Veratrum 
viride.f  j 

'  Natural  Order. — Liliacese.     Habitat. — Swamps  of  \ 

Southern  United  States. 

Alkaloids. — Jervine*  and  veratroidine.*  /\rC^Ui^/2/^>-<_ 

Ojfficinal  Preparations. 
jExtractum  Veratri  Viridis  Fluidum,  .    .  Tr\^j-iv,  |     <  ^  2.  /Vv^  ,      ' 
)  Tinctura  Veratri  Viridis, TT\^ij-vj.  J  '\ 

*  Not  officinal.  ' 
f  Norwood'' s  tincture  is  made  from  the  green^root;  and  while 

not  officinal _is   more  powerful  than   the   officinal  Tincture  of  J 

Veratrum  Viride.  \ 


176  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


i 

J 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.                177  I 

Officinal  Name,  VERATRINA.     English  Name,  ' 

VERATRINE.    m/^^^I^^L*.  \ 

Definition. — A   mixture   of    alkaloids   obtained  i 

from  the  seed  of  Asaerraea  officinalis.                            ^  i 

— -  2 C  l\     ^ 

Natural  Order. — Liliaces.     Habitat. — Mexico.  ^  •  ^     \ 

Used  externally  for  rheumatic  pains.  ' 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleatum  Veratrjnsg,  two  per  cent.  ' 

Unguentum  Veratrinse,  four  per  cent.  1 

Officinal  Name,                            English  Name,  ' 

ARNTC^.   FLORES.               ARNICA  FLOWERS.  ' 

ARNICA  RADIX.                 ARNICA_EQQT^  -^ 

Definition. — Tht  flower- heads ,  rhizotne  and  root-^ 

lejs^oi  Arnica  montana  (leopard's  bane).  \ 

Natural  Order. — Compositae.     Habitat. — XJnited  ; 

States.  I 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Flowers :  ] 
Tinctura  Arnicae  Florum  (use  externally).       a^    {O     W~Ji^<*<U>^[ 

Pool :  \ 

Extractum  Arnicae  Radicis, gr.  v-x. 

Extractum  Arnicgejladicis  Fluidum,     .  rt\^x-xx.  y^ 

Tinctura  Arnicae  Radicis. f^ss-ij.   '        [^  i^^o^/'-^ 

ff  y"!:^,*^     Emplastrum  Arnicae,  33  per  cent,  extract. 

Officinal  Name,  ACONITUM.     Englis/i  Name,  ACONITE.  ! 

Definition.^ — The   tuber  of  Aconitum  nagellus,  i 

^monkshood  or  wolf's  banej.  ; 

Natural     Order.  —  Ranunculaceae.       Habitat. —  \ 

Europe  and  Asia.  , 


••*\. 


17S  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES.  1 


,1 

1 

ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 79 

The  alkaloid,  Aconitine,*  is  almost  too  strong  for 
internal  use.    Vv  ^"^^-^^  ■ 

Dose,  gr.  2-^^-3-^^.     Used  mostly  in  liniments  or 

ointments.  ' 

•  Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Aconiti,     .    .        gr.  jS^-ss.  1 

Extractum  Aconiti  Fluidum, TTLss-ij.  j 

Tinctura  Aconiti, ^]-'^-     J--i~C  ^-^-         \ 

Officinal  Name.  ACIDUM  HYDROCYANICUM  DILUTUM.  ' 

English  Name,  DILUTED  HYDROCYANIC  ACID.  ] 

Definition. — Tjvg  per  cent,  solution  in  water  of 
absolute  hydrocyanic  acid.  Odor  and  taste  those  of 
peach  kernels  or  bitter  almonds.  /ff  Jlii/^'  ^J^^-^tul. 

Dose,  ntj-iij.    /  -  ^  -  3  o^v^^  -  ^^,,_ 

<^a  <^^^ 

Officinal  Name.  ACIDUM  TARTARICUM.     English  Name,  ^ 

'TARTARirACTD.    ^S^^-^^^^C^f  \ 

Definition. — An  organic  acid  usually  prepared 
from  argols  (sediment  of  wine) ;  colorless,  translu-  • 

cent  crystals,  sour  in  taste.  \ 

Used  only  as  an    ingredient   in  Seidlitz  powder,  \ 

pulvis  effervescens  compositus,  United  States  Phar- 
macopeia. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  CITRICUM.     English  Name,  ^ 

-=t^tric;acid.  h  ^  e ,  Hv o,  ^W^  o      i 

Definition. — An    organic    acid    prepared    from  | 

*Not  officinal.      'r~C^.'^'^^^^^-^^^  \ 


I  So  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES.  ] 

1 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  l8l 

lemon-  or  lime-juice.  Colorless,  translucent,  right- 
rhombic  prisms ;  odorless ;  agreeable,  acid  taste. 
Soluble  in  j\  of  its  weight  of  cold  water,  and  in 
^^  of  its  weight  of  boiling  water.    (QA^^^^-y-  t^^^-^^^ 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Syrupus  Acidi  Citrici  (8  :  looo),  .    .    .  f^j-iv. 


e^ 


Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  ACETICUM.     English  Name, 

Definition. — Colorless  liquid,  composed  of  ^ 
per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  absolute  acetic  acid,  and  64 
per  cent,  of  water. 

Used  externally  as  a  mild  caustic. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  ACETICUM  GLACIALE. 
English  Name,  GLACIAL  ACETIC  ACID.    ^ 

Definition. — Nearly  or  quite  absolute  acetic  acid. 
Never  used  internally.     /^  /♦  „*-^^.^  — /.  #  *<-«^  ^ 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  ACETICUM  DILUTUM^   Eng- 
lish Name,  DILUTED  ACETIC  ACID.  " 

Definition. — Six  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  absolute 
acetic  acid  ;  water  to  make  100. 
Dose,  f^j-ij,  well  diluted. 
Used  as  menstruum  for  the  officinal  aceti. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  OXALICUM.  English  Name, 
'  OXALIC  ACID.  ^^4,  au  O^  -f i\^  ^  D 

Found  naturally  in  sorrels  and  in  other  vegetable 
life. 

Of  interest  only  as  a  poison. 


152  FOR    THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 83 

Antidote. — Lime,  calcium  carbonate. 

Antidote  for  all  the  above  acids,  except  oxalic 
acid,  is  a  mild  alkali,  followed  by  oil  to  prevent,  if 
possible,  further  corrosion  of  the  intestinal  tract. 
Care  must  be  taken  in  all  cases  not  to  give  so  much 
of  the  antidote  that  it  may  itself  become  poisonous 
in  turn, — hence  ammonia,  unless  very  dilute,  is 
contraindicated. 


ORDER  III.— NUTRIENTS. 

FAMILY  I.— ASTRINGENTS. 

Definition. — Astringents  are  drugs  which  cause 
contractions  of  those  tissues  with  which  they  are 
brought  in  contact,  either  directly  or  through  the 
circulation. 

Astringents  are  (i)  vegetable  and  (2)  mineral. 

Vegetable  Astringents. 
The   vegetable   astringents  all  depend   for   their 
action  on  tannic  acid. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  TANNICUM.     English  Name, 
TANNIC  ACID. 

Definition. — An  organic  acid  obtained  from  nut- 
galls.  It  is  found  widely  distributed  throughout  the 
vegetable  kingdom  under  two  forms  :  (i)  ^allo-tannic 
(the  officinal  form)  ;  (2)  kino-iannic.  The  gallo- 
tannic  strikes  a   blue-black  color   with  the  salts  of 


1 84  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


CxP^fistA^   r-ty^-y^-^    iL^)iXyLLc.  Cce-'t^*Af 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 85 

iron,  while  kino-tannic  gives  a  greenish-black  pre- 
cipitate. 

It  is  a  light,  yellowish,  amorphous  powder,  occur- 
ring in  scales  or  masses;  possessing  a  characteristic 
odor,  and  strong  astringent  taste.  It  coagulates 
albumen  and  is  the  chemic  antidote  for  all  the  alka- 
loids ;  forming  tannates  which  are  very  slow  of  solu- 
tion by  the  intestinal  tract.  It  forms  an  insoluble 
tannate  of  antimony,  hence  it  is  also  the  antidote  for 
antimony  in  overdose. 

Dose,  as  astringent,  gr.  iij-v ;  as  hemostatic,  gr. 

X-XXj. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Collodium  Stypticum, 20  per  cent. 

/      tTlyceritum,Acidi  Tannici, 20  per  cent. 

Trochisci  Acidi  Tannici, I=gr.  j. 

Unguentum  Acidi  Tannic! , 20  per  cent. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  GALLICUM.     English  Name, 
GALLIC  ACID. 

Definition.  —  An  organic  acid  prepared  from 
tannic  acid  by  adding  one  molecule  of  water  of 
crystallization.  Does  not  coagulate  albumen  ;  oc- 
curs in  whitish,  silky  needles  or  triclinic  prisms ;  odor- 
less, astringent  taste.  Does  not  precipitate  alkaloids 
as  does  tannic  acid.  'V^-^rC  *-»^    ^^*^  ^    l"^  >-o 

Officinal  Name,  GALLA.     English  Name,  NUTGALL. 

Definition. — An  excrescence  on  Quercus  lusi- 
tanica  {natural or der^  Cupuliferae),  caused  by  punctures 
and  deposition  of  ova  of  Cynips  gallse  tinctorise  {class, 
13 


l86  FOR    THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


Ket^^l/^^ 


^^--ei^v^   (^c(  (^at/^A^  J^.-, 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA     MEDICA.     '  1 87 

Insecta ;  orders  Hymenoptera).  The  best  galls  come 
from  the  Levant,  and  are  usually  the  size  of  hickory- 
nuts. 

Rarely  used  internally. 

Ojfficinal  Preparations. 

Tinctura  Gallae, f^ss-ij. 

Unguentum  Gallge, ten  per  cent. 

Officinal  Name,  CATECHU.     English   Name,  CATECHU. 

Definition. — An  extract  from  the  wood  of  a  tree 
^— the  Acacia  catechu. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.  Habitat.  —  East 
India. 

Contains  tannic  acid. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Tinctura  Catechu  Composita,     .    .    .    .  f^ss-ij. 
Trochisci  Catechu, aa  gr.  j. 

Officinal  Name,  KINO.     English  Name,  KINO. 

Definition. — The  ins^^issated Juice  of  Pterpcarpus 
marsupium. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.  Habitat. — East 
Indies. 

Occurs  in  small,  dark,  brownish-red,  shiny  pieces  ; 
colors  the  saliva  deep  red.    Contains  kino-tannic  acid. 

Dose,  gr.  x-xx. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Tinctura  Kino, f^ss-ij. 


1 88  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES.  j 


Qod/si^    "y  J  '  i/\  yo  /-*r-tX^,Ji^<Ji^ 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA     MEDICA.  iSg 

Officinal  Name,  H^MATOXYLON.  English  Name,  LOG- 
WOOD. 

Definition. — The  heart-wood  of  Haematoxylon 
campechianum. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosae.  Habitat. — Cen- 
tral America. 

Contains  hematin  and  tannic  acid. 

Gives  a  blue  color  in  alkaline  solution — red  in  acid. 

Officinal  Prepa^-ation. 
Extractum  Hsematoxyli,     .....  gr.  x-xxx. 

41, 

Officinal  Name,  KRAMERIA.    English  Name,  RHATANY. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Krameria  triandra  and 
Krameria.ixina.  ^"  ~^ 

Natural    Order. — Polygaleje.      Habitat.  —  South 

America. 

"''"■'■^  Officinal  Preparations, 

Extractum  Kramerioe, gr.  v-x. 

Extractum  Krameriae  Fluidum,    .    .    .    TTLv-xxx. 
ft-y         Tinctura  Kramerise, f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  QUERCUS  ALBA.  English  Name,  WHITE 
OAK. 

Definition. — The  inner  bark  of  Quercus  alba. 

Natural  Order. — Cupuliferse.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Used  only  for  astringent  washes  and  lotions. 

Officinal    N^ame,    ROSA_QENTI FOLIA.       English    N'ame, 
PALE  ROSE. 
Definition. — Tht  petals  of  Rosa  centifolia. 


IpO  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


(AytL^^^l^^ ^-    -feT..;w-v^-1>0^^ 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA     MEDICA.  J9I 

Natural  Order. — Rosaceae. 

Used  only  for  its  odor.  ^ v 

Officinal  Name,    ROSA^^GALLICA.     English   Name,   RED       '       -, 

roseT^                                      I 
Definition. — Tht  petals  of  Rosa  gallica  collected 
before  expanding.                         ' ^^^^.^v^Aec.-a^  7^v.^«^ 
'  Natural  Order. — Rosaceae.  ^  U] 

C^^<J<.c^ ^ 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Confectio  Rosse, 

Extractura  Rosse  Fluidum, 

Confectio  Rosae, }-    vehicles. 

Mel  Rosee, 

Syrupus  Rosae, 

Pilulse  Aloes  et  Mastiches. 

Oil  of  rose  is  obtained  from  \.\\q  fresh  flowers  of 
Rosa  damascena  {natural  order,  Rosaceae). 

This  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  Aqua  Rosse 
and  Unguentum  Aquae  Rosse  (cold  cream). 

Officinal  Name,   GERANIUM.     English   Name,   CRANES- 
BILL,  SPOTTED  GERANIUM,  ETC. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  of  Geranium^  macu- 
latum. 

Natural  Order. — Geraniaceae.  Habitat. — United 
States.     Contains  large  amount  of  tannic  acid. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractura  Geranii  Fluidum,     .    .    .    .  f^ss-j. 


192  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES.  .; 

-1 

Qlya<y^     'V>>.-r^    iX^CJu^ — tK.    ^^<2^^    .  W\^<^'^^^^^^4^^ 
IcA^  C/^   i^*^     S'^^-^MXc^    iM 


s^^c^--  ^ 


JJL^rU^    Kwfy  (h-^  • 


— ^1  ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  193 

Officinal  Name,  RHI^S    GLABRA.      English  Name,  RHUS^ 
GLABRA.     SUMAC^ 

Definition. — T\\q  fruit  of  Rhus  glabra. 
Natural  Order. — Anacardieae.    Habitat. — United 
States. 

Contains  tannic  and  malic  acid. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Rhois  Glabrae  Fluidum  (used  as  a  gargle  diluted 
with  water).     o-^<-A—.  i<CX,  o  i,^ 


^Astringents.  ^  i  ^"^^  ^  fj^ 


Mineral  Astringents 
Officinal  Name,  ALUMEN.     English   Name,  ALUM. 
Definition. — The  double  sulphate  of  aluminium 
ff^O  zxid  potassium.     Soluble  in  nine  parts  of  water  at 
59°,  and  in  -^-^  of  a  part  of  boiling  water.     Gives 
an  acid  reaction  with  litmus. 

Dose,  astringent,  gr.  x-xx;  emetic,  3j-iv ;  in  lead 
poisoning,  gr.  xx-xl.  Also  used  locally  in  solution 
as  astringent  and  styptic.  cm/-  fi    o^'«^^'t>6tc— 


Officinal  Preparation. 
Alumen  Exsiccatum,  sometimes  called  ..«»....  ^^  ^^^^^  c*.^..*        . 
(used  externaH^  exclusively).  /y^y-t>^y{>.^X_^,-^^^^^ 

^^^^^IpLUMUmT    lead.*  C^  M^i^^-voc^;      ^ 

Found   naturally  as  galena — lead   ore,    lead   sul-         \ 

phide.  ; 


*Not  officinal. 


194  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 95 

Officinal  Preparations , 
For  internal  use  : 

Plumbi  Acetas  (sugar  of  lead),  .    .    .    .  gr.  ss-v. 

For  external  use  : 

Liquor   Plumbi  Subacetatis   {Goulard's 

extract). 
Liquor  Plumbi  Subacetatis  Dilutus  (lead 

water),  three  per  cent,  of  Goulard's  'j 

extract.  J 

Ceratum  Plumbi  Subacetatis,  20  per  cent.  \ 

(Goulard's  cerate).  i 

Plumbi  Carbonas  (white  lead).  ' 

Plumbi  lodidum. 

Plumbi  Nitras,  \ 

^jumbi  Oxidum  (red  lead,  litharge).    P'^  0  '  \ 

Unguentum  Plumbi  Carbonatis,     .    .    .  ten  per  cent. 

Unguentum  Plumbi  lodidi, ten  per  cent.  '; 

Emplastrum  Plujabj.  • 

Unguentum    Diachylon    (lead    plaster, 

500;    olive  oil,  490;  oil  of  lavender  ' 

flowers,  10). 

Poisoning  may  occur  from  any  of  the  lead  prepara- 
tions. \ 

Antidote. — Soluble  sulphate  or  dilute  sulphuric        j 
acT^7^^u^^Q~chronic  poisoning;    dilute  sulphuric 
acid  as  drink,  and  iodide  of  potassium.  i 

BISMUTHUM.     BISMUTH.*  '       \ 

Metallic  element.  \ 

*  Not  officinal.  j 


196  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 97 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Bismuthi  Citras, gr.  j-iij, 

Bismuthi  et  Ammonii  Citras,      .    .    .    .  gr.  j-v, 
Bismuthi  Subnitras  and  Bismuthi   Sub- 

carbonas,   gr.    v-xv   in    affections    of 

stomach,  and  gr.  xv-^j  in  affections 

of  intestines. 

Officinal  Name,  CERII  OXALAS.     English  Name, 
CERIUM  OXALATE. 

Definition. — A  white,  granular  powder;  odor- 
less ;  tasteless.  Insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether, 
but  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid.  Used  principally  to 
relieve  the  vomiting  of  pregnancy. 

Dose,  gr.  j-iij,  in  pill  t.  i.  d. 

ZINCUM.     ZINC. 
A  metal  obtained  in  the  form  of  carbonates  and 
sulphides.      Officinal  in   the   form   of   thin    sheets, 
pencils  or  fine  powder. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Zinci  Oxidum, gr.  j-v. 

Unguentum  Zinci  Oxidi, 20  per  cent. 

Zinci  Acetas  (used  in  solution — gr. 
j-v-xx  to  f^ — as  eye-wash  or  injec- 
tion in  gonorrhea). 

Zinci  Acetas, gr.  j-v. 

Zinci  Bromidum, gr.  j-v. 

Zinci  Carbonas  Prgecipitatus, external  use. 

Zinci  Chloridum, external  use. 

Liquor  Zinci  Chloridi, external  use. 

Zinci  lodidum, gr.  j-v. 


198  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


cf 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  1 99 

Zinci  Phosphidum, gr.  j-v. 

Zinci  Sulphas  (  ^/^/V^  Vitriol).      Dose, 

astringent,  gr.  j-ij ;  emetic,  gr.   xxx, 

repeated  if  required. 

Antidote. — Alkalies  and  alkaline  carbonates. 
Albumen  to  be  used  as  demulcent. 

CUPRUM.     COPPER.*  J   Q)    Y^-vt^t*^ 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Cupi_Sulphas  [Blue  Vitriol).  _J1qss , 

astringent,  gr.  ^-j  }  emetic,  .    .    .    .  gr.  iij-v. 
Cupri  Acetas^* gr.  %-}(. 

Copper  sulphate  is  the  antidote  for  poison  by 
phosphorus. 

Antidote. — Potassium  ferrocyanide,  albumens  as 
demulcents.    .^^^     ^    >'^>->---'z^  • 

/ARGENTUM.     SILVER.*    ^     -  2l!t.vt^ 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Argenti  Cyanidum  (pharmacy). 
Argenti  lodidum, gr.  ss-j  in  pill. 

rgenti  Nitras, gr.  ^-ss  in  pill. 

Solutions  of  different  strengths  are  used 

as  eye-washes,  injections,  etc. 
Argenti  Nitras  Dilutus  (one-half  each, 

silver  and  potassium  nitrate). 
Argenti  Nitras  Fusus  {Lunar  Caustic^ 

external  use). 
Argenti  Oxidum, gr.  ss-j  in  pill. 

*  Not  officinal. 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  20I 

Owing  to  the  readiness  with  which  silver  decom- 
poses it  should  invariably  be  given  in  pill,  freshly 
prepared,  when  intended  for  internal  administration. 

Antidote. — Sodium  chloride  (common  salt)  forms 
an  insoluble  chtoride." 

FAMILY  II.— TONICS. 
'Tonics   are   remedies   employed    to   increase    the 
strength  and  vigor  of  the  body  or  its  organs  when 
depressed  from  disease  or  other  causes. 

Mineral  Tonics. 
Officinal  Name,  FERRUM.     English  Name,  IRON.* 


^ 


Officinal  Preparations. 

Ferri  Carbonas  Saccharatus, gr.  v-^:^ss. 

Ferri  Chloridum. 
Ferri  Citras. 

Ferri  et  Ammonii  Citras, gr.  ij-v. 

Ferri  et  Ammonii  Sulphas, 

Ferri  et  Ammonii  Tartras, 

Ferri  et  Potassii  Tartras,     . 

Ferri  et  Quininse  Citras,     . 

Ferri  et  Quininoe  Citras  Solubilis. 

Ferri  et    Strychninae    Citras,    one    per 

cent., .    .    .  gr.  j-v. 

Ferri  Hypophosphis, gr.  v-x. 

Ferri  lodidum  Saccharatum,      .    .    .    .  gr.  v-xv. 

Ferri  Lactas, gr.  v-x. 

|i4|Ferri  Oxidum  Hydratum. 


gr.  ij-v. 
gr.  j-x. 
gr.  v-x. 
gr.  v-x. 


*  Officinal  in  the  form  of  fine,  bright,  and  non-elastic  wire. 
14 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA     MEDICA. 


203 


jFerri  Oxidum  Hydratum  cum  Mag- 
nesia (used  in  arsenical  poisoning). 
Ferri  Phosphas  Solubilis,  .  . 
Ferri  Pyrophosphas  Solubilis, 
Ferri  Sulphas  {green  vitriol), 
Ferri  Sulphas  Exsiccatus,  .  . 
Ferri  Sulphas  Granulatus,  .  , 
P'erri  Valerianas 


•  gr- 


ij-v. 
ij-v. 

ss-ij. 


gr-  J-"J- 

'  Besides  the  above,  the  most  commonly  used  prepa- 
rations of  iron  are  : 

■» 

^Ferrum  Reductum  (reduced  iron,  Que- 

venne's  iron), gr.  ij-v  in  pill. 

|Massa  Ferri  Carbonatis  (  Vallef  s  7nass),  gr.  iij-x  in  pill. 

Liquor  Ferri  Tersulphatis  (used  with 
P'erri  Oxidum  Hydratum  and  Ferri 
Oxidum  Hydratum  cum  Magnesia,  as 
antidotes  in  arsenical  poisoning). 

Liquor  Ferri  Subsulphatis  i^MonseVs 
solution)  used  locally  as  styptic. 

Tinctura  Ferri  Chloridi,      TT\^v-xxx. 

Syrupus  Ferri  lodidi, TT\^v-xxx. 

Liquor*  Ferri  et  Ammonii  Acetatis 
[Basham^s  viixttire,  tonic  and  di- 
uretic),   f^j-iv. 

Ferrum  Dialysatum,f f^^ss-f^j. 

As  antidote  for  arsenic, f^ss. 

Liquor  Ferri  Acetatis, external  use. 

Liquor  Ferri  Chloridi, external  use. 

Liquor  Ferri  Citratis, TT\^v-xv. 

Liquor  Ferri  Nitratis, rti'j"^- 

Syrupus  Ferri  lodidi,  . ^SJ-iJ- 


^Mistura  (Pharm.,  1880). 


f  Not  officinal. 


204  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  205 

Syrupus  Ferri,  Quininae,  et  Strychninae 

Phosphatum, ^SJ-iJ- 

Vinum  Ferri  Amarum, f^j-ij. 

Vinum  Ferri  Citratis, ^SJ-iJ- 

Pilulae  Aloes  et  Ferri, j  pill. 

Pilulae  Ferri  Carbonatis, j-iij  pills. 

Pilulae  Ferri  lodidi, j-iij  pills. 

Trochisci  Ferri  (l  =  gr.  v  of  ferric  hy- 
drate),    j-v  troches. 

Emplastrum  Ferri. 

MANGANUM.     MANGANESE.* 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Mangani  Oxidum  Nigrum  (1880),    .    .  gr.  j-x  in  pill. 

Mangani  Sulphas, gr.  j-v. 

Mangani  Dioxidum  (same  as  Mangani 
Oxidum  Nigrum,  of  Pharm. ,  1880) . 

Officinal    Name,     ACIDUM     SULPHURICUM     (HjSO,). 
English    Name,  SULPHURIC  ACID   (called  some- 
times OIL   OF  VITRIOL). 

Definition. — A  liquid  composed  of  not  less  than 
92.5  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  absolute  sulphuric  acid, 
and  not  more  than  7.5  per  cent,  of  water. 

Used  internally  only  if  diluted.  Poisoning  causes 
charring  and  blackening  of  the  tissues. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Acidum  Sulphuricum  Dilutum  (ten  per 

cent,  of  officinal  acid), Tr\^v-xx  further  di- 

Acid  Sulphuricum  Aromaticum  {elixir  [luted. 

^  wVr/o/),  ten  per  cent., tTLv-xx. 

*  Not  officinal. 


2o6  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  207 

Officinal  Name,    ACIDUM    HYDROCHLORICUM  (HCl). 
English  Name,  HYDROCHLORIC  OR  MURIATIC 
ACID. 
Definition. — A  colorless  liquid,  composed  of  2,2 
per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  absolute  hydrochloric  acid. 
Not  used  internally.     Poisoning  leaves  a  yellow 
stain  on  the  tissues. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Acidum  Hydrochloricum  Dilutum  (ten 

per  cent,  of  absolute  acid),     ....  TT\^x-xx. 

Officinal  Name,   ACIDUM  NITRICUM   (HNO3).     English 
Name,  NITRIC  ACID. 

Definition. — A  liquid  composed  of  68  per  cent., 
by  weight,  of  absolute  nitric  acid,  and  32  per  cent, 
of  H2O. 

Not  used  internally.  Poisoning  causes  deep 
orange-yellow  staining  of  the  tissues. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Acidum  Nitricum  Dilutum  (ten  per  cent. 

of  absolute  acid), TTLx-xx. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  NITROHYDROCHLORICUM. 
English  Name,  NITROHYDROCHLORIC  ACID. 

Definition. — Consists  of  18  parts  nitric  acid  and 
82  parts  hydrochloric  acid. 

Officitial  Preparation. 
Acidum   Nitrohydrochloricum  Dilutum 
(nitric  acid,  four  parts;  hydrochloric 
.  acid,  18  parts  ;  and  water,  78  parts),' .  Ti\^x-xx. 


2oS  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA,  209 

Officiual  Navte,  ACIDUM  LACTICUM.  English  Name, 
LACTIC  ACID. 

Definition. — The  acid  of  milk-sugar,  composed 
of  75  per  cent,  of  absolute  lactic  acid. 

Dose,  TTLv-xxx. 

Officinal  Name,  PHOSPHORUS.  English  Name,  PHOS- 
PHORUS. 

Definition. — Translucent,  almost  colorless,  solid ; 
waxy  in  appearance  and  consistency.  Has  an  odor 
resembling  garlic,  and  characteristic  taste  (should 
never  be  tasted  unless  greatly  diluted).  Takes  fire 
spontaneously  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

Dose,  gr.  ■^^. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Phosphoratum  (one  per  cent,  of 
phosphorus  in  oil  of  almonds  and 
ether), TT^j-iij. 

Pilulse  Phosphor! , aa  gr.  ji^. 

Spiritus  Phosphori  (used  to  make  elixir). 

Zinci  Phosphidum,       . gr.  aV'X- 

Elixir  Phosphori  (two  per  cent,  of  spirit),  n\^x. 

Antidotes. — Sulphate  of  copper,  French  oil  of 
turpentine. 

FAMILY   III.— ALTERATIVES. 
Medicines  which  in  some  way  seem  to  alter  the 
nutrition  and   increase  the  strength  and  health   in 
various  pathologic  states. 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  211 

ARSENUM.     ARSENIC* 
Definition. — A   metallic    element    found    often 
with    other  metals  as  an   arsenide.     Black  arsenic, 
sometimes  called  cobalt. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Acidum  Arsenosum  (white  arsenic),     .  gr.  ^-q. 

Liquor  Acidi  Arsenosi, 

Liquor  Potassii  Arsenitis  {^Fow- 
ler's solution), ,         .. 

Liquor  Sodii  Arsenatis — each  of 
the  three  above  liquors  contain 
one  per  cent,  of  arsenous  acid,  . 

Sodii  Arsenas,  . gr.  yV~X' 

Arseni  lodidum, gr-  z^- 

Liquor  Arseni  et  Hydrargyri  lodidi 
{^Donoz'an'' s  solution,  one  per  cent, 
each  of  arsenic  and  mercuric  iodide),  rr\^ij-x. 

Antidote.  —  Freshly  prepared  hydrated  oxide  of 
iron  with  magnesia  in  large  amount,  emetics,  etc. 

Officinal  Name,  HYDRARGYRUM.     English  Name, 
MERCURY. 

Definition. — A  liquid  element  obtained  from  the 
sulphide  cinnabar.     Specific  gravity,  13.5. 

Offcinal  Preparations. 

Hydrargyrum  cum  Creta  (gray  powder), 
38  per  cent,  of  mercury,  small  doses  as 
laxative,  large  doses  as  antisyphilitic,  gr.  j-v-xx. 

*  Not  officinal. 


212  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  213 

For  internal  use  : 

Massa   Hydrargyri  (blue  mass),  2)Z  P^^  ' 

cent,  mercury,        gr.  j-x. 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corrosivum  (bi- 
chloride, corrosive  sublimate),    .    .    .  gr.  aV-fo- 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite  (calomel),  .  gr.  ss-xx. 

Hydrargyri  Cyanidum, gr.  ^^-TJ- 

Hydrargyri      lodidum      Rubrum     (red 

iodide).       g»"-  sWV- 

Hydrargyri    lodidum    Viride    (Pharm., 

1880),  same  as  Hydrargyri   lodidum 

Flavum, gr.  %-). 

Hydrargyri      lodidum     Flavum     (prot- 

iodide,  yellow  or  green  iodide),     .    .  gr.  X~J' 
Pilul^e  Catharticoe  Compositae  (see  Colo- 

cynth), j-iij  pills. 

Hydrargyri  Subsulphas  Flavus  {turpeth 

mineral')^  as  emetic, gr.  ij-v. 

Piluloe  Antimonii  Compositse  ^Plumvier'' s 

pilly  calomel  and  sulphurated  antimony). 

Antidote. — Albumen  (white  ol' egg),  milk,  wheat 
flour,  emetic. 

Foj'  extertial  use  only  : 

Emplastrum  Hydrargyri. 

Emplastrum  Ammoniaci  cum  Hydrargyri. 

Unguentum  Hydrargyri  (blue  ointment), 

45  per  cent,  mercury. 
Unguentum  Hydrargyri  Ammoniati,  ten  per  cent. 
Unguentum  Hydrargyri  Oxidi  Rubri,  ten  per  cent. 
Unguentum  Hydrargyri  Oxidi  Flavi,  ten  per  cent. 
Unguentum  Hydrargyri  Nitratis  (citrine  ointment). 
Hydrargyri  Ammoniatum  (white  precipitate). 


2  14  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  215 

For  external  use  only  : 

Hydrargyri  Oxidum  Rubrum  (red  precipitate). 
Hydrargyri  Oxidum  Flavum. 
Oleatum  Hydrargyri  (yellow  oxide),  ten  per  cent. 
Liquor  Hydrargyri  Nitratis  (caustic). 

Hydrargyri    Subsulphidum    Rubrum    (cinnabar),    used   in 
fumigation.* 

Officinal  Name,  AURI  ET  SODH  CHLORIDUM.     English 
Name,  CHLORIDE  OF  GOLD  AND  SODIUM. 

Definition. — A  mixture  of  equal  parts,  by  weight, 
of  dry  gold  chloride  and  sodium  chloride. 
Dose,  gr.  yi^-i^  in  pill. 

Officinal  Navie,  lODUM.     English  Name,  IODINE. 

Definition. — Non-metallic  element  made  from 
the  ashes  of  seaweed  ;  forms  blue  color  with  starch, 
which  is  the  antidote  in  poisoning  by  it. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
lodi, 

Liquor  lodi  Compositus  iyLiigoPs  solu- 
tion^, iodine,  5  ;  potassium  iodide,  lo 

water,  85,      . 

Ammonii  lodidum, 

Potassii  lodidum, 

Strontii  lodidum, 

Syrupus  Acidi  Hydriodici, f^ss-ij. 

Externally  only  : 

Tincturae  lodi, eight  per  cent. 

Unguentum  lodi, four  per  cent. 

Unguentum  Potassii  lodidi, twelve  per  cent. 

*  Not  officinal. 


gr-  % 

-J- 

TTtiij- 
gr.  ij- 
gr.  V- 
gr.  V- 

x. 
-x. 

-3SS 
-3SS 

2l6  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  21 7 

Officinal  Name,  lODOFORMUM.     English  Name, 
IODOFORM. 
Definition. — Small  yellow  crystals,  characteristic 
odor,  and  iodine-like  taste;  slightly  soluble  in  water; 
soluble  in  alcohol,  chloroform,  and  ether;  volatile. 
Used  chiefly  as  an  antiseptic. 
Dose,  gr.  j-iv. 

Officinal  Preparation.  k 

Unguentum  lodoformi, ten  per  cent. 

Aristol  and  iodol*  may  be  used  in  the  same  way 
as  iodoform. 

Officinal  Navie,  OLEUM  MORRHU^,  OLEUM  JECORIS 
ASELLL     .Ejigiish  Name,  COD-LIVER  OIL. 

Definition. — A  fixed  oil  obtained  from  the  fresh 
livers  of  Gadus  morrhua  and  other  species  of  Gadus. 

Contains  gadium,  iodine,  chlorine,  bromine,  and 
fatty  acids. 

Dose,  f^j-f^ss,  t.  i.  d.  ;  mostly  given  in  emulsion. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  PHOSPHORICUM.     English 
Name,  PHOSPHORIC  ACID. 

Definition. — A  liquid,  containing  not  less  than 
85  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  absolute  orthophosphoric 
acid.     For  external  use  and  pharmacy  only. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Acidum  Phosphoricum  Dilutum  (ten  per 

cent,  of  absolute  acid), n\^v-xxx. 

*  Not  officinal. 


2l8  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  219 

Officinal  N'ame,  English  A^aine, 

COLCHICI  SEMEN.  COLCHICUM  SEED. 

COLCHICI  RADIX.  COLCHICUM  ROOT. 

Definition. — The  seeds  and  corm  of  Colchicum 
autumnale,  or  meadow  saffron. 

Natural  Order. — Liliaceae.       Habitat. — Europe. 

Contains  the  alkaloid  colchicine,  which  is  its 
active  principle. 

Used  in  the  form  of  the  salicylate. 

Dose,  gr.  -^V 

Seed  :  Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Colchici  Seminis  Fluidum,  .    n\^ij-vi. 

Tinctura  Colchici  Scaiinis,     .        ...  f^ss-j. 

Vinum  Colchi.'  Semir.is, Ti\,v-xxx. 

Root : 

Extractum  Colch    '  Radicis,  ....       gr.  ss-ij. 

Extractum  Colch..    '<adicis  Fluidum,  .  rr^ij-v. 

Vinum  Colchici  Radic:s, TTLv-xv. 

Officinal  Name,  SARSAPARILLA.  Etiglish  Name,  SARSA- 
PARIIXA. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Smilax  officinalis, 
Smilax  medica,  and  other  varieties  of  Smilax. 

Natural  Order.  —  Liliaceae.  Habitat.  —  Mexico, 
South  and  Central  America. 

Contains  the  glucoside  smilacin. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Decoctum  Sarsaparillse  Compositum,   .  f  ^  ij-iv. 
Extractum  Sarsaparillse Fluidum,  .    .    .  f^j. 
Extractum  Sarsaparillae  Fluidum  Com- 
positum,   f^j. 

Syrupus  Sarsaparillse  Compositus,     .    .  f^ss. 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA     MEDICA.  221 

Officinal  Name,  English  Name, 

GUAIACI  LIGNUM.  GUAIACUM  WOOD. 

GUAIACI  RESINA.  GUAIAC. 

Definition. — The  heart-wood  of  Guaiacum  offici- 
nale and  Guaiacum  sanctum,  an  evergreen  tree  of 
South  America.     The   resin    is   obtained  from    the 
wood,  and  the  preparations  are  made  from  it. 
-  Natural  Order. — Zygophylleae. 

Dose,  gr.  v-xx. 

Offcinal  Preparations. 

Tinctura  Guaiaci, fjss-ij. 

Tinctura  Guaiaci  Ammoniata,    ,    .    .    .  f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  MEZEREUM.     Eiiglish  Name, 
MEZEREUM. 
Definition. — Bark   of    Daphne   mezereum,  and 
other  species  of  Daphne. 

Natural   Order. — Thymelaeacese.     Habitat. — Eu- 
rope. 

Contains  the  neutral,  bitter  glucoside  daphnin. 

Offcinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Mezerei  Fluidum  (used  only  for  pharmaceutic 
purposes)  is  used  in  both  the  compound  decoction  and 
compound  fluid  extract  of  sarsaparilla, 

Offcinal  Name,  SASSAFRAS.     English  Name, 
SASSAFRAS. 
Definition. — The  bark  of  the  root  of  Sassafras 
variifolium. 

Natural    Order. — Laurinese.     Habitat.  —  Europe 
and  United  States. 

Contains  a  volatile  oil,  used  mostly  for  flavoring. 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  223 

Officinal  Name,  TARAXACUM.     English  Name, 
DANDELION. 
Definition. — The  r^^/ of  Taraxacum  officinale. 
Natural  Order. — Compositae.     Habitat. — Indige- 
nous. 

Contains  taraxactn,  a  bitter  principle. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Taraxaci, gr.  xx-^^^j. 

Extractum  Taraxaci  Fluidum,    ....  f^j-ij. 

ICHTHYOL.* 

Definition. — A  substance  obtained  by  the  distil- 
lation of  a  bituminous,  sulphurous  mineral  deposit, 
found  in  North  Germany,  due  to  decomposition  of 
fossil  fish.  Is  now  made  synthetically.  Contains 
about  ten  per  cent,  of  sulphur. 

Used  externally  as  ointment;  internally,  gr.  j-iij 
in  pill  or  capsule. 

FAMILY  IV.— ANTIPERIODICS. 
These  remedies — which  have  for  their  type  quinine 
— are  used   to   overcome  periodic  fevers;  e.  g.,  ma- 
laria. 

Officinal  Name,  CINCHONA. 

Definition. — The  bark  of  any  species  of  Cin- 
chona which  contains  five  per  cent,  of  total  alkaloids, 
and  at  least  2.5  per  cent,  of  quinine  (C20H24N2O2  -i- 
H2O). 

Natural  Order. — Rubiaceae.  Habitat. — Peru  and 
Bolivia. 

*  Not  officinal. 


2  24  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  225 

The  bark  of  Cinchona  calisaya,  Cinchona 
officinalis, — E?igHsh  name,  yellow  cinchona, — 
is  used  in  preparing  the  following : 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Cinchonae, gr.  v-xx. 

Extractum  Cinchonse  Fluidum,     .    .    .  f^j. 

Tinctura  Cinchonae, f;5J-iv. 

Infusum  Cinchonae, f ^j-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  CINCHONA  RUBRA.     English  Name, 
RED  CINCHONA. 

Definition. — The  bark  of  Cinchona  succirubra. 
Natural  Order. — Rubiaceae. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Tinctura    Cinchonge  Composita    (Hux- 

ham's  tincture), f^j-iv. 

The  alkaloids  of  cinchona  in  the  order  of  their  po- 
tency are  (i)  quinine,  (2)  cinchonine,  (3)  quini- 
dine,  (4)  cinchonidine. 

Officinal  Alkaloids  and  Salts. 

Quinina, ^    As  a  tonic,  gr.  j- 

Quininse  Sulphas, iij  ;   as  an  anti- 

Quininae  Bisulphas  (more  soluble  than     I        pyretic,  gr.    v- 

the  sulphate), xx  ;  as  an  an ti- 

Quininse  Hydrochloras, periodic,  gr.  v- 

Quininae  Hydrobromas, J        xxx. 

Quininse  Valerianas,   ...        .    .    .    .     gr.  j-v. 

Cinchonina, -v    Doses  about  one- 

Cinchoninae  Sulphas, I       third  larger  than 

Cinchonidinae  Sulphas, J        quinine. 


2  26  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  227 

Quinine  and  quinidine,  or  any  salt  of  either,  if 
treated  with  fresh  chlorine  or  bromine  water  form  an 
emerald-green  precipitate  if  ammonia  water  is  added 
to  the  solution.  Cinchonine  and  cinchonidine,  or 
their  salts,  form  a  white  precipitate  when  thus  treated. 

Aqueous  solutions  of  quinine,  quinidine,  and  their 
salts,  when  acidulated  with  sulphuric  acid,  produce 
a  pale  bluish  efflorescence.  A  weak  solution  of  cin- 
chonine or  its  salts  should  not  exhibit  more  than  a  pale 
yellow  color.  Morphine  imparts  to  sulphuric  acid 
only  a  pale  yellow  tinge.  Quinine  and  quinidine,  and 
their  salts,  should  not  cause  a  ^<?^  color  with  nitric 
acid  as  does  morphine. 

WARBURG'S  TINCTURE.* 

Definition. — A  dark-brown  liquid  containing 
numerous  ingredients  much  used  in  the  pernicious 
malarial  fevers  of  India.  (See  formula  in  United 
Slates  Dispensatory.) 

Dose,  fgss. 

Officinal  Name,    EUCALYPTUS.     English    Name,    EUCA- 
LYPTUS. 

Definition. — The  leaves  of  Eucalyptus  globulus 
collected  from  the  older  parts  of  the  tree. 

Natural  Order. — Myrtaceae.    Habitat. — Australia. 

Officinal  Preparations . 
Extractum  Eucalypti  Fluidum,  ....  f^j-ij. 
Oleum  Eucalypti,         TT\^v-xx. 

*  Not  officinal. 


2  28  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  229 

ACIDUM  PICRICUM.     PICRIC  ACID  * 

Trinitrophenol,  C^Hj  (N02)30H. 

Definition. — Made  by  .dissolving  crystals  of  car- 
bolic acid  in  strong  sulphuric  acid,  and  adding  nitric 
acid  to  the  solution. 

Used  mostly  in  the  arts. 

FAMILY  v.— ANTIPYRETICS. 
Remedies  which  do  not  affect  the  normal  tempera- 
ture but  cause  a  reduction  of  the  temperature  in 
febrile  conditions. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  CARBOLICUM.     English  Name, 
CARBOLIC  ACID. 

Definition. — A  constituent  of  coal-tar,  obtained 
by  distillation  and  then  purified  ;  also  called  phenic 
and  phenylic  acid. 

The  crude  form  is  used  as  a  disinfectant.     Occurs 
in  the  form  of  needle-shaped  crystals,  white  when 
pure  but  inclined  to  turn  red. 
.    Used  internally  in  doses  of  gr.  j. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Unguentum  Acidi  Carbolici,  ten  per  cent. 

Antidote. — Soluble  sulphate  (magnesium  sul- 
phate) rapidly  administered  in  large  amount. 

*  Not  officinal. 


230  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  23 1 

Officinal  Name,    CREOSOTUM.       English   Name, 
CREOSOTE. 

Definition. — A  mixture  of  phenols,  chiefly  of 
guaiacol  (the  value  of  preparation  depends  on  the 
amount  of  guaiacol  it  contains),  and  creosol,  obtained 
by  the  distillation  of  wood-tar.  That  from  beech- 
wood  (Fagus  sylvatica,  natural  order,  Cupuliferas)  is 
preferred . 

Dose,  "ij-iij. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Aqua  Creosoti,  one  per  cent.,    ....  f^j-iv. 

GUAIACOL.* 

Definition. — A  syrupy  liquid  found  in  creosote; 
often  used  in  the  form  of  the  carbonate. 

Dose,  gr.  v. 

Guaiacol  itself  is  used  in  doses  of  five  drops — 
TT|^xx-xl  daily. 

Officinal  Name,  MENTHOL.     English  Name,  MENTHOL. 

Definition. — A  stearopten  obtained  from  the 
officinal  oil  of  peppermint  (Mentha  piperita)  or 
other  menthae. 

Used  as  a  local  anesthetic  by  rubbing  it  on  the 
part  to  be  anesthetized.' 

Officinal  Name,  THYMOL. 
Definition. — A  phenol  obtained  from  the  oil  of 
thyme.     It  is  a  local  anesthetic  and  antiseptic,  and 
often  used  as  a  spray  in  throat  and  mouth  affections. 

*  Not  officinal. 


232  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  233 

Officinal  Name,  RESORCINUM.     English  Name, 
RESORCIN. 
Definition. — A  diatomic  phenol,  antiseptic  and 
antifermentative. 
Dose,  gr.  ij-v. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  SALICYLICUM.     English  Name, 
SALICYLIC  ACID. 

Definition. — An  organic  acid  found  in  most 
plants,  but  generally  prepared  synthetically  from 
carbolic  acid.  Soluble  in  450  parts  of  water  and  in 
2  4  of  alcohol. 

Dose,  gr.  x-^j. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Sodii  Salicylas, gr.  v-^ss. 

Lithii  Salicylas,        gr.  j-x. 

(3J-JSS  of  the  Sodii  Salicylas  in  twenty-four  hours,  prefer- 
ably administered  in  milk.) 

Officinal  Name,  OLEUM  GAULTHERI.E.     English  Name, 
OIL  OF  WINTERGREEN. 

Definition. — A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the 
leaves  of  the  Gaultheria  procumbens. 

Natural  Order. — Ericaceae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Consists  almost  entirely  of  methyl  salicylate,  to 
which  its  virtue  is  due. 

Dose,  n\^x-xv,  in  capsule  or  emulsion. 

Officinal  Preparation. 

Spiritus  Gaultherige, f^:^ss-j. 

i6 


234  FOR    THERArEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  235 

Officinal  Name,  SALICINUM.     English  Name,  SALICIN. 

Definition. — A  neutral  principle  obtained  from 
several  species  of  Salix  (willow).  Consists  of  white, 
silky,  crystalline  needles ;  odorless,  but  of  very  bitter 
taste.     Soluble  in  hot  or  cold  water. 

Dose,  gr.  x-gj. 

Officinal  Name,  BENZOINUM.     English  Name,  BENZOIN. 

Definition. — A  balsamic  resin  obtained  from 
Styrax  benzoin. 

Natural  Order. — Styracege.     Habitat. — Peru. 

Contains  benzoic  acid,  a  volatile  oil  and  a  resin. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Adeps  Benzoinatus, external  use. 

Tinctura  Benzoini, f^j-ij. 

Tinctura  Benzoini  Composita,    .    .    .     f  5J-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  SAI.OL,     English  Name,  SALOL. 

Definition. — The  salicylic  ether  of  phenol.  A 
white,  crystalline  powder  resembling  in  odor  oil  of 
wintergreen ;  tasteless ;  almost  insoluble  in  water. 

Dose,  gr.  v-xv,  t.  i.  d. 

ANTIPYRIN.* 

Definition. — A  white,  odorless  powder,  having 
a  slightly  bitter  taste.  Obtained  synthetically  and 
by  the  distillation  of  coal-tar. 

Dose,  gr.  x-xx. 

*  Not  officinal. 


236  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  237 

ANTIFEBRIN     (ACETANILIDUM,*    PHENACETIN).  f 
Definition. — Coal-tar    products,    all   resembling 

antipyrin  in  appearance  and  effect. 
Dose,  gr.  v-xv,  repeated  if  necessary. 

THALLIN.  t 
Definition. — A  synthetically  prepared  alkaloid  ; 
antipyretic. 
Dose,  gr.  v-x. 

FAMILY  I.— STOMACHICS. 

Substances  which,  by  increasing  the  activity  of  the 
glands  of  the  gastro-intestinal  tract,  facilitate  diges- 
tion. 

The  simple  bitters  are  all  of  vegetable  origin,  of 
bitter  taste,  and  while  they  stimulate  markedly  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  gastro-intestinal  tract,  have 
practically  no  effect  on  the  general  system. 

They  include  quassia  and  calumba,  whose  pre- 
parations contain  no  tannic  acid  and  may  therefore 
be  used  with  iron  preparations. 

Almost  if  not  all  other  vegetable  preparations  con- 
tain tannic  acid,  and  are  therefore  incompatible  with 
iron  preparations. 

Simple  Bitters. 
Officinal  Name,  QUASSIA. 
Definition. — The  wood  oi  Picraena  excelsa. 

*  Acetaniliduni  is  officinal.  f  Not  officinal. 


238  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  239 

Natural  Order. — Simarubeae.   Habitat. — Jamaica. 
Contains  quassin,  a  neutral,  bitter  principle. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Quassiae, gr.  j-v. 

Extractum  Quassia  Fluidum,     ....   n\^x-xxx. 
Tinctura  Quassiae, f^ss-ij. 

.  An  infusion  is  often  used  as  an  enema  in  treatment 
for  seat-worms. 


Officinal  Name,  GENTIANA.     English  Name,  GENTIAN. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Gentiana  lutea  (yellow- 
alpine  gentian). 

Natural  Order. — Gentianese.    Habitat. — Europe. 

Contains  the  active  principle  gentiopikrin  and  gen- 
tisic  acid. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Gentianae, gr.  ij-x. 

Extractum  Gentianae  Fluidum,  ....   TT\^x-xxx. 
Tinctura  Gentianse  Composita,   .    .    .     f ^j-iv. 

Officinal  Name,  HYDRASTIS.     English  Name,  GOLDEN 
SEAL. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Hydras-, 
tis  canadensis,  tumeric  root,  etc. 

Natural  Order. — Ran uncu lace ae.  Habitat. — In- 
digenous. 

Contains  the  alkaloids  hydrastine  and  ber- 
berine. 


2  40  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  24I 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Hydrastis  Fluidum,      .    .    .  TT^x-f  5J. 

Glyceritum  Hydrastis, f,^j. 

Tinctura  Hydrastis, f  3  ss-ij. 

Hydrastininne  Hydrochloras, gJ"-  X- 

Officinal  Name,  CALUMBA.     English  Name,  COLUMBO. 

Definition. — The  root  oi  Jateorhiza  palmata. 

Natiwal  Order. — Menispermacese.  Habitat. — 
Africa. 

Contains  the  alkaloid  berberine,  which  is  found 
in  many  plants,  and  columbin^  a  bitter  principle ;  but 
no  tannic  acid. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Calumbae  Fluidum,   .    .    .    .  Tl^xv-f;^ss. 
Tinctura  Calumbae, f^MJ- 

Officinal  Name,  EUPATORIUM.     English    Name,  THOR- 
OUGHWORT,  BONESET. 

Definition. — The  leaves  and  flowering  tops  of 
Eupatorium  perfoliatum. 

Natural  Order. — Compositae.  Habitat. — Indige- 
nous. 

Officinal  Preparation. 

Extractum  Eupatorii  Fluidum,  ....  f^j-iv. 

Officinal  Name,  PRUNUS  VH^GINIANA.     English  Name, 
Wn.D  CHERRY  BARK. 

Definition. — The  inner  bark  of  Prunus  serotina, 
collected  in  autumn. 


242 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  243 

Nattiral  Order. — Rosaceae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

It  contains  the  glucoside  amygdalin,  tannic  acid, 
bitter  extractives,  and  emulsin. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Pruni  Virginianae  Fluidum,    fgss. 

Infusum  Pruni  VirginianDe, ^JU- 

Syrupus  Pruni  Virginianae, vehicle. 

Officinal  Name,  CHIRATA. 
Definition. — The  QwUxt  plants  Swertia  chirata. 
Natural  Order. — Gentianeae.    Habitat. — India. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Chirataj  Fluidum,     ....  TT^x-xxx. 
Tinctura  Chiratae, f^ss-j. 

Aromatics. 
Used  mostly  as  carminatives  (to  expel  flatus),  to 
disguise  the  taste  of  other  medicines,  and  to  prevent 
the  griping  of  purgatives.     They  all  contain  a  vola- 
tile oil,  to  which  their  activity  is  due. 

Officinal  Name,  CINNAMOMUM  ZEYLANICUM.     English 

Name,  CEYLON  CINNAMON  (CINNAMOMUM, 

Pharm.,  1880). 

Definition. — The  inner  bark  of  the  shoots  of 
Cinnamomum  zeylanicum. 

Natural  Order. — Laurinese.       Habitat. — Ceylon. 


244  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  245 

Officinal  Freparaiions. 

Oleum  Cinnamomi, ^-v. 

Aqua  Cinnamomi, vehicle. 

Spiritus  Cinnamomi, TTLx-f^ss. 

Tinctura  Cinnamomi, f^ss-ij. 

Pulvis  Aromaticus,  contains  cinnamon, 

ginger,  nutmeg,  and  cardamom,   .    .  gr.  x-xx. 
Extractum  Aromaticum  Fluidum,      .    .  TT\^x-xx. 

Officinal  Name,  MYRISTICA.      Etiglish  Name,  NUTMEG. 

Definition. — The  seed  of  Myristica  fragrans,  de- 
prived of  its  testa. 

Natural  Order. — Myristicaceae.  Habitat. — West 
Indies  and  various  islands  of  Asia. 

Used  in  pulvis  aromaticus  and  tinctura  lavandulae 

composita. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Myristicae, rt\,ij-v. 

Spiritus  Myristicoe, f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  CARYOPHYLLUS.     English  Name, 
CLOVES. 

Definition. — The  mxtyi^zwAtdi  flowers  of  Eugenia 
aromatica. 

Natural  Order. — Myrtacese.  Habitat. — Molucca 
Islands,  India. 

Used  in  tinctura  lavandulae  composita. 

Officittal  Preparation, 
Oleum  Caryophylli, ^j-v. 


246  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  247 

Officinal  Name,  PIMENTA.     English  Name,  ALLSPICE. 
Definition.-^The  nearly  ripe  fruit  of  Pimenta 
officinalis. 

Natural  Order. — Myrtacese.  Habitat. — West  In- 
dies. 

Offi,cinal  Preparation. 
Oleum  Piraentae,      ^-v. 

Officinal  Name,  CARDAMOMUM.    English  Name,  CARDA- 
MOM, OR  CARDAMOM  SEEDS. 

Definition. — The/rz^zVof  Elettaria  repens. 
Natural  Order. — Scitamineae.     Habitat. — East 
Indies. 

Used  in  pulvis  aromaticus. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Tinctura  Cardamomi, f^^ss-j. 

Tinctura  Cardamomi  Composita,   .    .     f^ss-j. 

Officinal  Name,  PIPER.     English  Name,  BLACK  PEPPER. 

Definition. — The  unripe  fruit  of  Piper  nigrum. 

Natural  Order. — Piperaceae.  Habitat. — East  In- 
dies. 

Contains  an  acrid  resin,  the  alkaloid  piperine, 
and  a  volatile  oil. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Oleoresina  Piperis, TT\^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,   CAPSICUM.     English  Name,  RED, 
CAYENNE,  AFRICAN,  PEPPER. 

Definition. — T)\t  fruit  of  Capsicum  fastigiatum. 


248  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  249 

Natural  Order.  —  Solanacese.  Habitat.  —  West 
Indies. 

Contains  a  resin,  fixed  and  volatile  oils. 
May  be  used  in  doses  of  gr.  ij-v,  in  pill. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Capsici  Fluidum, TT\^ij-x. 

Oleoresina  Capsici, gr.  ss-j. 

Tinctura  Capsici, n\^v-xxx. 

Emplastrum  Capsici, 

Officinal  Name,  ZINGIBER.     English  Name,  GINGER. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  of  Zingiber  officinale. 

Natural  Order. — Scitamineae.  Habitat. — East 
and  West  Indies. 

Contains  a  volatile  oil  and  an  acrid  resin. 

Used  in  pulvis  aromaticus  and  in  pulvis  rhei  com- 
positus. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleoresina  Zingiberis, n\^ss-ij. 

Extractum  Zingiberis  F'luidum,      .    .    .  n\^v-xv. 

Tinctura  Zingiberis, 3  ss-j. 

Syrupus  Zingiberis,      vehicle. 

Trochisci  Zingiberis, j  ^=:  n\^ij  of  tincture. 

Officinal  Name,  FCENIGULUM.     English  Name,  FENNEL. 

Definition. — The  fruit  of  Fceniculum  capilla- 
ceum. 

Natural  Order. — Umbelliferse.     Habitat. — South 
England. 
17 


250  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF-  MATERIA    MEDICA.  25 1 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Aqua  Foeniculi, f^j-f  Jss. 

Oleum  P'oeniculi, '^-^' 


Officinal  Name,  OLEUM  CAJUPUTI.     English  Name, 
OIL  OF  CAJUPUT. 

Definition. — A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the 
leaves  of  Melaleuca  leucadendron. 

Natural  Order. — Myrtaceae.  Habitat. — Molucca 
Islands. 

Dose,  n\^v-xv. 

Used  as  parasiticide,  externally. 

Officinal  Name,  CARUM.     English  Name,  CARAWAY. 
Definition. — The  fruit  of  Carum  carvi. 
Natural   Order.  —  Umbelliferae.     Habitat. — Eu- 
rope. 

Used  in  compound  tincture  of  cardamom. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Oleum  Cari,      ^tj-v. 

Officinal  Name,  CORIANDRUM.     English  Name, 
CORIANDER. 

Definition. — The  fruit  of  Coriandrum  sativum. 
Natural   Order. — Umbelliferae.      Habitat.  —  Eu- 
rope. 

Dose,  gr.  v-xxx. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Oleum  Coriandri, tT\^j-v. 


252  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  253 

Officinal  Name,  ANISUM.     English  Name,  ANISE. 
Definition. — The  fruit  of  Pimpinella  anisum. 
Natural  Order. — U m  bell i  ferae.      Habitat.  —  Eu- 
ro pe. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Anisi, l^j~^- 

Spiritus  Anisi,      f^^ss-ij. 

Aqua  Anisi,      vehicle. 

Officinal  Name,  OLEUM  SASSAFRAS.     English  Name, 
OIL  OF  SASSAFRAS. 

Definition. — A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  Sassa- 
fras. 

Dose,  TT\^ij-v,  mostly  as  flavoring. 

Officinal  Name,  AURANTII  DULCIS  CORTEX.     English 
Name,  SWEET  ORANGE  PEEL. 

Definition. — The  rind  of  \ht  fruit  of  Citrus  au- 
rantium. 

Natural  Order.  —  Rutaceae,  Habitat.  —  Europe 
and  United  States. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Oleum  Aurantii  Corticis,     .    . 
Spiritus  Aurantii,     ... 
Spiritus  Aurantii  Compositus, 
Tinctura  Aurantii  Dulcis,    .    . 
Syrupus  Aurantii, 


vehicles   and 
flavors. 


Officinal  Name,    AURANTII  AMARI  CORTEX.     English 
Name,  BITTER  ORANGE  PEEL. 

Definition. — The  rind  oi  the  fruit  of  Citrus  vul- 
garis. 


254  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF   MATERIA    MEDICA.  255 

Natural  Order. — Rutacese. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Aurantii  Amari  Fluidum,    .  f 3J. 
Tinctura  Aurantii  Amari,      i'y^]-\]. 

Officinal  Name,  AURANTII  FLORES  (Pharm.,   1880). 
English  Name,  ORANGE  FLOWERS. 

Definition. — The  flowers  of  both  the  foregoing 

species. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Syrupus  Aurantii  Florum, vehicle. 

Aqua  Aurantii  Florum  Fortior,  ....  vehicle. 
Oleum  Aurantii  Florum, flavor. 

Officinal  Name,   LAVANDULA    (Pharm.,    1880).       English 
Name,  LAVENDER. 

Definition. — Th^  fresh  leaves  and  tops  of  Lavan- 
dula officinalis. 

Natural  Order. — Labiatae. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Lavandulae  Florum ^j-v* 

Tinctura  Lavandulae  Composita,  .    .    .  f^ss-ij. 
Spiritus  Lavandulae, f  3  ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  SALVIA.     English  Name,  SAGE. 
Definition. — The  leaves  of  Salvia  officinalis. 
Natural   Order. — Labiatae.      Habitat. — United 
States. 

Often  used  as  a  gargle  in  shape  of  an  infusion. 


256  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  257 

Officinal  Name,  ROSMARINUS    (Pharm.,    1880).     English 
Name,  ROSEMARY. 

Definition. — The  leaves  of  Rosmarinus  offici- 
nalis. 

The  oil  is  sometimes  used  in  two  to  five  drop 
doses. 

Officinal  Name,    MENTHA    PIPERITA.      English    Name, 
PEPPERMINT. 

Definition. — The  leaves  and  tops  of  Mentha 
piperita. 

Officinal   Name,    MENTHA     VIRIDIS.       English    Name, 
SPEARMINT. 

Definition. — The  leaves  and  tops  of  Mentha 
viridis. 

Both  Mentha  piperita  and  Mentha  viridis  belong 
to  Natural  order,  Labiatse.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

The  oil,  water,  and  spirit  of  both  peppermint  and 
spearmint  are  officinal. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Oleum  Menthiie  Piperitoe,    .... 

Oleum  Menthae  Viridis, 

Aqua  Menthge  Piperita,      .    .    .    , 

Aqua  Menlh?e  Viridis, 

Spiritus  MentliDS  PiperitDe, f^ss. 

Spiritus  Menthae  Viridis, f^^^ss. 


-  vehicles. 


258  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  259 

Officinal  Name,  MELISSA.     English  Name,  BALM. 
Definition. — The  leaves  and  tops  of  Melissa  of- 
ficinalis. 
Natural  Order. — Labiatse. 
Used  in  infusion. 

Officinal  Name,  CALAMUS.     English  Name,  SWEET 
FLAG. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  of  Acorus  calamus. 

Natural     Order, — Aroideae.       Habitat. — United 

States. 

Officinal  Preparation, 

Extractum  Calami  Fluidum, f^ss-j. 

Aromatic  Bitters. 

Officinal  Name,  ANTHEMIS.     English  Name,  CHAMO- 
MILE, OR   CHAMOMILE   FLOWERS. 

Definition. — The  flower-heads  of  Anthemis  no- 
bilis. 

Natural  Order. — Compositae.  Habitat. — Europe 
and  America. 

Mostly  used  as  an  infusion,  the  so-called  chamo- 
mile tea  (German  Brust-Thee),  breast-tea. 

Dose,  gss  of  the  flowers  to  Oj  of  water. 

Officinal  Name,  SERPENTARIA.     English  Name,  VIR- 
GINIA  SNAKEROOT. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Aris- 
tolochia  serpentaria  and  of  Aristolochia  reticulata. 


26o  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  26 1 

Natural    Order. — Aristolochiaceae.       Habitat, — 
United  States. 

Used  in  tinctura  cinchonas  composita. 

Ojfficinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Serpentarise  Fluidum,      .    .    Tr\^x-f  3  ss. 
Tinctura  Serpentariae, f^r^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  CASCARILLA.     English  Name, 
CASCARILLA. 

Definition. — The  bark  of  Croton  eluteria. 
Natural  Order. — Euphorbiacese.    Habitat. — West 
Indies. 

Used  mostly  in  infusion. 

FAMILY  II.— EMETICS. 
Emetics  include  those  drugs  which  cause  emesis  or 
vomiting. 

Vegetable  Emetics. 

Officinal  Name,  IPECACUANHA.     English  Name, 
IPECAC. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Cephaelis  ipecacuanha. 
Natural  Order. — Rubiaceae.     Habitat. — Brazil. 
Its  activity  is  due  to  the  alkaloid  emetine. 
Emetic  dose  of  ipecac  in  powder,  gr.  x-xxx ;  as 
diaphoretic  and  expectorant,  gr.  ]/%-]. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Syrupus  Ipecacuanhge  (used  almost  en- 
tirely for  children) ,  emeticdose,f  i^j- 
iv  ;  diaphoretic  and  expectorant,  .    .    Tr\^iij-xx. 


262  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  263 

Vinum  Ipecacuanhse,  emetic  dose,  .    .  f^j-ij. 
Extractum  Ipecacuanhse  Fluidum,  eme- 
tic dose, TT\^xx-xl. 

Trochisci  Ipecacuanhae, i^=gr-  %  of  ipecac. 

Tinctura  Ipecacuanhse  et  Opii,  .    .    .  ^ 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhze  et  Opii,  ....>-  See  Opium. 

Trochisci  Morphinse  et  Ipecacuanhae,  J 


Officinal  Name,  SANGUINARIA.     English  Name,  BLOOD- 
ROOT. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  of  Sanguinaria  cana- 
densis. 

Natural  Order. — Papaveracese.  Habitat. — Widely 
diffused. 

Contains  the  alkaloids  chelerythrine  (most  abun- 
dant), hqmochelidonine,  sanguinarine,  and  proto- 
pine. 

Dose,  as  emetic,  gr.  x-xxx ;  rarely  used  in  crude 
form. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Sanguinariae  Fluidum,  .    .    .  TT\^j-v. 
Tinctura  Sanguinarioe, Ti:\^xv-xxx. 

Officinal  Name,  APOMORPHIN^E  HYDROCHLORAS. 
English  Name,  HYDROCHLORATE  OF  APOMORPHINE. 

Definition. — The  hydrochlorate  of  an  artificial 
alkaloid  prepared  from  morphine  or  codeine. 

Dose,  emetic, — generally  given  hypodermically, 
— gr.  tV->^  'y  expectorant,  gr.  ^-=-tV- 

Squill  is  occasionally  used  as  an  emetic. 


264  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  265 

Mustard  Flour — the  ordinary  mustard  of  the 
grocer — is  one  of  the  emetics  most  frequently  em- 
ployed. It  is  given  in  warm  water,  about  gij  to  Oj, 
repeated  if  necessary  in  two  to  five  minutes. 

Mineral  Emetics. 

Tartar  Emetic, — very  slow  and  depressing,  but 
extremely  persistent.     Not  much  used. 
'Dose,  gr.  ss-ij. 

Sulphate  of  zinc  acts  promptly,  is  purely  me- 
chanical, and  produces  no  irritation.  It  acts  well  in 
combination  with  ipecac,  say  30  grains  of  sulphate 
of  zinc  with  50  grains  of  ipecac,  and  then  one-half 
of  the  above  mixture  every  fifteen  minutes  to  eff'ect 
desired  result. 

Sulphate  of  copper  is  more  irritating  than  sul- 
phate of  zinc,  which  is  preferable  in  every  way. 

Dose,  gr.  v-x,  not  to  be  repeated. 

Alum  (powdered)  has  been  used  in  ^j  dose  in 
syrup  or  molasses  for  children  (as  in  membranous 
croup),  but  is  considered  unreliable  by  Dr.  Wood. 

FAMILY  III.— CATHARTICS. 
Purgatives  or  cathartics  are  drugs  producing  pur- 
gation or  catharsis  by  increasing  intestinal  secretion 
or  peristaltic  action. 

_They  include  (i)  laxatives,  (2)  purges,  (3)  hydra- 
gogues,  and  (4)  drastics. 

Laxatives  simply  cause  a  mild  evacuation  of  the 


266  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  267 

bowels,  and  do  not  produce   purgation  even  when 
given  in  large  doses. 

Officinal  Name,  TAMARINDUS.  English  Name,  TAMA- 
RIND. 

Definition. — The  preserved  pulp  of  i\\Q  fruit  of 
Tamarindus  indica. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosae.  Habitat. — East 
alid  West  Indies. 

Contains  citric,  malic,  and  tartaric  acids. 

Dose,  ^ss-j,  as  laxative. 

Used  in  confection  of  senna. 

Officinal  Name,  MANNA. 
Definition. — The  concrete^  saccharine  exudation 
of  Fraxinus  ornus. 

Natu7'al  Order. — Oleaceae.    Habitat. — Sicily. 
Contains  viannite,  an  active  crystalline  principle. 
Dose,  for  adult,  ^ss-ij  ;  child,  3J-^ss. 

Officinal  Name,  CASSIA  FISTULA.  English  Name, 
PURGING  CASSIA. 

Definition. — The  fruit  of  Cassia  fistula. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.  Habitat. — North 
America. 

Dose,  5J-ij. 

Used  in  confection  of  senna. 

Officinal    Name,     FRANGULA.       English    Name,    BUCK- 
THORN. 
Definition. — The    bark  of    Rhamnus    frangula, 
collected  at  least  one  year  before  being  used. 


268  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  269 

Contains  franguline,  an  active  principle,  and 
eftiodine  (glucoside). 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Frangulse  Fluidum,  ....  f  J^ss-ij. 

The  bark  of  Rhamnus  purshiana,  or  California 
buckthorn  (cascara  sagrada)  is  much  oftener  used 

than  the  above. 

Officinal  Preparation, 
Extractum    Rhamni    Purshianae   Fluid- 
um,     "Vx-fgj. 

Officinal  Name,  EUONYMUS.     English  Name,  Y^KB.00. 

Definition. — The  bark  of  the  root  oi  Euonymus 
atropurpureus. 

Natural  Order. — Celastrinese.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Contains  euonymin,'^  a  bitter  principle. 

Dose,  gr.  ij-iv. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Euonymi, gr.  ij-vj. 

Officinal  Name,  English  Name, 

MAGNESIA.  LIGHT  MAGNESIA. 

MAGNESIA  PONDEROSA.         HEAVY  MAGNESIA. 

Definition. — These  differ  only  in  physical  char- 
acteristics. 

Dose,  gr.  x-3ij. 

*  Not  officinal. 


270  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  27 1 

Officinal  Preparations, 

Magnesii  Carbonas, gr.  x-^t^ij. 

Magnesii  Citras  Effervescens,     .    .    .    .  gr.  x-^ij. 

Liquor  Magnesii  Citratis, f^iv-viij, 

Magnesii   Sulphas  {Epsom  salt),  more 

active  than  the  above, ,^U~^J- 

SULPHUR.     BRIMSTONE.* 
Dose,  gr.  x-xx,  t.  i.  d. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Sulphur  Sublimatum  (flowers  of  sul- 
phur), often  given  in  molasses,  .    .    .  5J-iv. 

Unguentum  Sulphuris. 

Sulphur  Lotum  (washed  sulphur),     .    .   3J-iv. 

Sulphuris  lodidum. 

Sulphur  Prsecipitatum  (precipitated  sul- 
phur),     .;^j-iv. 

Calx  sulphurata  et  potassa  sulphurata — sulphurated 
lime  and  sulphurated  potassium — are  occasionally, 
though  rarely,  used. 

Dose,  gr.  ^-^-\. 

Purges. — Medicines  which  cause  brisk  catharsis 
but  are  not  poisonous  even  in  large  doses. 

Officinal  Name,  OLEUM  RICINL     English  Name,  CASTOR 
OIL. 

Definition. — A  cold-expressed  oil  from  the  seeds 
of  Ricinus  communis. 

■^  Not  officinal. 


272  ,  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  273 

Natural  Order. — Euphorbiaceae.  Habitat. — India. 

The  seeds  contain  ricin,  an  active  poisonous  prin- 
ciple which,  however,  is  not  communicated  to  the 
oil. 

Dose,  f^ij-f^j. 

.      Officinal  Name,    HYDRARGYRUM.       English   Navie, 
MERCURY. 

Blue  mass  and  calomel  are  used  as  cathartics.  (See 
Mercury.) 

Officinal  Name,  RHEUM.     English  Name,  RHUBARB. 

Definition. — The  root  oi  Rheum  officinale. 
Natural  Order. — Polygonaceae.  Habitat. — China. 
Dose,  in  powder  as  stomachic,  gr.  j-vj  cathartic, 
gr.  XX-3J. 

Officinal  Preparations . 

Extraclum  rhei,        gr.  v-x. 

Extractum  rhei  fluidum, n:\^x-xxx. 

Tinctura  rhei,       % 

Tinctura  rhei  aromatica, >-f^ss-ij. 

Tinctura  rhei  dulcis, -' 

Mistura  rhei  et  sodse, f^^ss-ij. 

Syrupus  rhei  (for  infants), f  ^j. 

Syrupus  rhei  aromaticus  (for  infants),   .  f^j. 

Pilulse  rhei, aa  gr.  iij. 

Pilulae  rhei  compositse  (rhubarb,  gr.  ij ; 
aloes,  gr.  jss). 

Pulvis  rhei  compositus  (ginger,  i  ;  rhu- 
barb, 2  ;  magnesia,  6). 


2  74  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  275 

Officinal  Name,  JUGLANS.    English  Name,  BUTTERNUT. 

Definition. — The  bark  of  the  root  of  Juglans 
cinerea,  collected  in  the  autumn. 

Natural  Order, — Jiiglandacese.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Juglandis,  .    .        gr.  x-xxx. 

Officinal  Name,  ALOE  (Pharra.,  1880),  ALOE  BARBADEN- 

SIS,  ALOE  SOCOTRINA.     English  Name,  ALOES. 

Definition. — The  t?tspissated  Juice  of  the  leaves 
of  Aloe  vera  (Barbadoes  aloes)  and  Aloe  Perriyi 
(socotrine  aloes). 

Natural  Order. — Liliaceae.  Habitat. — Socotra, 
Zanzibar. 

Contains  aloinum  (aloin),  a  neutral  principle. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Aloe  Purificata, 

Extractum  Aloes, 

Pilulse  Aloes,  soap  and  aloes,     .    . 

Pilulse  Aloes  et  Asafoetidse,  aloes,  asafe- 
tida,  and  soap,  of  each,  ly^  grs. 

Pilulse  Aloes  et  Mastiches  [Lady  Web- 
ster's pills),  aloes,  2  grs.;  mastic  and 
rose,  of  each,  ^  gr. 

Pilulce  Aloes  et  Ferri,  aloes  and  ferrous 
sulphate,  of  each,  i  gr. 

Pilulae  Aloes  et  Myrrhae,  aloes,  2  grs.  ; 
myrrh,  l  gr.  ;  aromatic  powder,  j4.  g^- 

Tinctura  Aloes, f^ss-ij. 

Tinctura  Aloes  et  Myrrhae,     ...     f^ss-ij. 

Aloinum, gr.  ^^^-j. 


gr- 

ss- 

-X. 

gr. 

ss- 

-V. 

gr. 

IJ- 

276 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  277 

Officinal  Name,  SENNA.     English  Name,  SENNA. 

Definition. — The  leaflets  of  Cassia  acutifolia  and 
Cassia  angusti folia. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.  Habitat. — Egypt 
and  Arabia. 

Officinal  Preparalions. 

Confectio  Sennae, .^j""^^- 

Syrupus  Sennse, f^J"'^- 

Extractum  Sennae  Fluidura,    ....     f;5J-iv. 
Infusum    Sennoe    Compositum    (black 

draught), f^ij-f^ss. 

Used  also  in  pulvis  glycyrrhizae  compositus  (com- 
pound liquorice  powder). 

Hydragogues  *'  (including  the  salines)  pro- 
duce large  watery  stools  without  much  irritation." 

Officinal  Preparations  of  Magnesia  used  as  Purgatives. 
Magnesii  Sulphas  (Epsom  salt),     .    .    .  gr.  x-^j, 
Magnesii  Citras  Eflfervescens,     .    .    .    .  gr.  x-^j. 
Liquor  Magnesii  Citratis,    .....     fjij-iv. 

Officinal  Name,  SODII  SULPHAS.     English  Name, 
GLAUBER'S  SALT. 

Definition. — Not  much  used  ;  practically  the 
same  as  sulphate  of  magnesia,  but  of  more  disagree- 
able taste. 


Officinal  Name,  SODII  PHOSPHAS.     English  Name, 
PHOSPHATE  OF  SODIUM. 

Dose,  gr.  x-3iv. 


278 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA   MEDICA.  279 

Officinal  Name,  POTASSII  ET  SODII  TARTRAS. 
English  Name,  ROCHELLE  SALT. 

Definition. — Occurs  in  large  crystals,  but  usually 
kept  in  powdered  form. 
Dose,  §ss-ij,  in  water. 

Officinal  Name,  PULVIS  EFFERVESCENS  COMPOSITUS. 
English  Naitie,  SEIDLITZ  POWDER. 

Definition. — Contains  two  papers :  the  white  is 
made  of  35  grains  of  tartaric  acid,  the  blue  of  40 
grains  of  sodium  bicarbonate  and  120  grains  of  Ro- 
chelle  salt. 

Dose,  one  powder.  Each  paper  to  be  dissolved 
in  a  separate  glass  of  water,  mix,  and  drink  while 
effervescing. 

Drastics. — Active,  irritant  vegetable  cathartics; 
in  sufficient  amount  may  cause  death. 

Officinal  Name,  JALA  PA.     English  Name,  JALAP. 

Definition. — The  tuberous  root  of  Ipomoea  jalapa. 

Natural  Order,  —  Convolvulacege.  Habitat.  — 
Mexico. 

Contains  an  active' resin,  to  which  its  properties 
are  due. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Jalapge, gr.  iij-x. 

Resina  Jalapse, gr.  ij-v. 

Pulvis  Jalapse  Compositus,  jalap,  35 
percent. ;  potassium  bitartrate,  65  per 
cent., gr.  x-^j. 


28o  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  28 1 

Officinal  Name,  COLOCYNTHIS.     English  Name, 
COLOCYNTH. 

Definition. — The  fruit  of  Citrullus  colocynthis, 
deprived  of  its  rind. 

Natural  Order. — Cucurbitaceae.  Habitat. — Africa. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extiactum  Colocynthidis, gr.  ij-v. 

Extracturn  Colocynthidis  Compositum, 
laxative  dose,  gr.  j-iij  ;  purgative 
dose, gr.  x-xx. 

Pilulae  Catharticae  Compositae,  con- 
tain compound  ext.  of  colocynth,  80 
gm.  ;  mild  mercurous  chloride,  60 
gm.;  ext.  of  jalap,  30  gm.  ;  gamboge, 
15  gm.;  water,  q.  s.,  to  make  looo 
pills, j-iij  pills. 


Officinal  Name,  SCAMMONIUM.     English  Name, 
SCAMMONY. 

Definition. — A  resinous  exudation  from  the  liv- 
ing root  of  Convolvulus  scammonia. 

Natural  Order.  —  Convolvulacese.  Habitat.  — 
Syria. 

Its  activity  is  due  to  the  resin  scammonin. 

Dose,  gr.  v-xx. 

Officinal  Preparation. 

Resina  Scammonii, gr.  ij-x, 

19 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  283 

Officinal  Name,  PODOPHYLLUM.     English  Name, 
MAY  APPLE. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  and  roots  of  Podo- 
phyllum peltatum. 

Natural  Order, — Berberideae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Contains  the  alkaloid  berberine  and  several 
resins,  to  which  its  activity  is  due. 

Dose,  in  powder,  gr.  x-xx. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Podophylli, gr.  v-x. 

Extractum  Podophylli  Fluidum,    .    .    .  tT\^  x-xx. 
Resina  Podophylli  (podophyllin),     .    .  gr.  ]/%-%. 

Officinal  Name,  ELATERINUM.     English  Name,  ELAT- 
ERIN. 

Definition. — A  neutral  principle  obtained  from 
elateriuMy  a  substance  deposited  by  the  juice  of  Ec- 
ballium  elaterium  (squirting  cucumber). 

Natural  Order. — Cucurbitacese.  Habitat. — Eu- 
rope. 

Dose,  gr.  y^i- 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Trituratio  Elaterini, gr.  %-y 

Officinal  Name,  CAMBOGIA.     English  Name,  GAMBOGE. 

Definition. — K  gum  r^fi-zV?  obtained  from  Garcinia 
Hanburii. 


284 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  285 

Natural  Order. — Guttiferae.     Habitat. — Siam. 
Used  in  pilulae  catharticse  compositae. 

Officinal  Name,    OLEUM    TIGLII.         English    Name, 
CROTON  OIL. 

Definition.— A  fixed  oil  expressed  from  the  seed 
of  Croton  tiglium. 
'    Natural  Order. — Euphorbiacese.  Habitat. — India. 

Dose,  ni,j-ij. 

Used  externally  as  counter-irritant. 

FAMILY  IV.— DIURETICS. 
Medicines  which  increase  the  flow  of  urine.  They 
include  (i)  the  hydragogue  diuretics,  which  simply 
increase  the  flow  of  water  from  the  kidneys,  and  are 
therefore  useful  in  dropsy.  (2)  Refrigerant  diuretics, 
which  exert  a  marked  sedative  action,  and  so  modify 
the  secretion  that  they  render  the  urine  less  irritant. 
(3)  Alterative  diuretics,  whose  active  principles  are 
eliminated  by  the  kidneys  and  thus  act  on  the  mucous 
surfaces  over  which  they  pass. 

Hydragogue  Diuretics. 

Officinal  Name,  SCILLA.     English  Name,  SQUILL. 

Definition. — The  sliced  bulb  of  Urginea  mari- 
tima. 

Natural  Order.  —  Liliacese.  Habitat.  —  South 
Europe. 

Dose,  in  powder,  gr.  j-ij. 


286  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  287 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Acetum  Scillae, TT\^x-f3ss. 

Extractum  Scillse  Fluidum, ^-ij- 

Tinctura  Scilloe, TT\^x-f5ss. 

Syrupus  ScHIk, f^ss-j. 

Syrupus  Scillse  Compositus  [Cox's  hive 

syrup),  2  parts  in  1000  of  tartar  emetic,  n\^v-xxx. 

Officinal  Name,  SCOPARIUS.       English  Name,  BROOM. 
Definition. — The  tops  of  Cytisus  scoparius. 
Natural  Order. — Leguminosae.  Habitat. — Europe. 
Contains  the  alkaloid  sparteine  and  scoparin. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Scoparii  Fluidum,     ....  TT\,ij-x. 

Calomel  in  large  doses  is  occasionally  used  as  a 
diuretic. 

The  alkaloid  theobromine,*  used  as  the  salicylate 
or  double  salicylate  of  sodium  and  theobromine  (di- 
uretine),  in  daily  doses  of  gr.  xv-c,  is  employed  at 
times,  and  is  a  valuable  diuretic. 

BLATTA.* 

Definition. — The  dried  bodies  of  Blatta  orien- 
talis  (cockroach)  have  often  been  used  as  a  popular 
remedy  in  dropsy. 

Dose,  gr.  xv-xxx  in  twenty-four  hours. 

*  Not  officinal. 


288  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  289 

Officinal  Name,  SPIRITUS  ^THERIS  NITROSI.       E^ig- 
lish  Name,  SPIRIT  OF  NITROUS  ETHER. 

Definition. — An  alcoholic  solution  of  ethyl  ni- 
trite, yielding  not  less  than  ii  times  its  own  volume 
of  nitrogen  dioxid. 

Dose,  as  diuretic,  f3J-iv. 

,  Caffeine,  jaborandi,  strophanthus,  and  dig- 
italis are  all  valuable  diuretics  (see  Doses,  etc., 
under  proper  headings). 

Refrigerant  Diuretics. 
POTASSIUM.* 
Definition. — Obtained  from  vegetable  ash,  nitre, 
and  from  the  argol  ox  tartar  deposited  by  wine. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Potassa  (caustic). 

Liquor  Potassa;  (five  per  cent. potassium 

hydrate), n\^v-xx. 

Tiquor  Potassii  Citratis,  citric  acid,  six 
parts  ;  potass,  bicarb.,  eight  parts  in 
100, f^ss. 

Potassii  Acetas, 

Potassii  Chloras, 

Potassii  Citras,    ,    .    .    ,         ... 

Potassii  Carbonas, L       gr.  v- 

Potassii  Bicarbonas, 

'Potassii  Nittas  (saltpetre),    .    .    . 

Potassii  Bitartras  {cream  of  tartar),  ^ 

*  Not  officinal. 


290  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  29 1 

Potassii  et  Sodii  Tartras  (Rochelle  salt),  3J. 

Potassii  Sulphas, 3J. 

Trochisci  Potassii  Chloratis,      .    .    ,    .     i  =  gr.  v. 
Liquor    Potassii   Citratis    (Citric    acid 

neutralized  by  potass,  bicarb.),     .    .  f,^ss-j. 
Charta  Potassii  Nitratis,  made  from  the  nitrate  (nitre). 
Potassii  Bichromas. 
Potassii  Ferrocyanidum. 
Potassa  Sulphurata. 
Potassa  cum  Cake  (caustic). 

OJidna/ JVame,  LITHU  CARBONAS.     English  Name, 
LITHIUM  CARBONATE. 

Dose,  gr.  v-xv,  t.  i.  d. 

Besides  the  carbonate,  which  is  diuretic,  there  are 
officinal : 

Lithii  Salicylas, >. 

Lithii  Bromidum, 

L      gr.  v-xx. 
Lithii  Benzoas, ( 

Lithii  Citras J 


PIPERAZINE.* 

Definition. — Occurs  in  small,  glossy  crystals. 
Its  value  depends  entirely  on  its  solvent  power  over 
uric  acid. 

May  be  given  hypodermically  in  two  per  cent, 
solution,  or  gr.  xv,  in  twenty-four  hours,  in  water, 
as  it  is  highly  hygroscopic. 

*  Not  officinal. 


292  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  293 

Strontium   iodide,  lactate,  and  bromide,  the 

salts  of  strontium,  are  sometimes  employed. 
Dose,  gr.  xxx  in  twenty-four  hours. 

Alterative  Diuretics. 
Officinal  Name,  BUCHU.     English  Name,  BUCHU. 

Definition. — The  leaves  of  Barosma  betulina  and 
Barosma  crenulata. 

Natural  Order. — Rutaceae.     Habitat. — Africa. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Buchu  Fluidum, n^xx-f^^j. 

Officinal  Name,  PAREIRA.     English  Name,  PAREIRA 
BRAVA. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Chondodendron  tomen- 
tosum. 

Natural    Order. — Menispermaceae.       Habitat. — 

Brazil. 

Officinal  Preparation. 

Extractum  Pareirae  Fluidum, f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  UVA  URSI.     English  Name,  BEARBERRY. 

Definition. — The  leaves  of  Arctostaphylos  uva- 
ursi. 

Natural  Order. — Ericaceae.  Habitat, — United 
States  and  Europe. 

Contains  the  glucoside  arbutin,  to  which  its  ac- 
tivity is  due. 


294  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  295 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Uvae  Ursi, gr.  x-xv. 

Extractum  Uvse  Ursi  Fluidum,  .    .    .    .  f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  CHIMAPHILA.     English  Name,  PIPSIS- 
SEWA. 
Definition. — The  leaves  of  Chimaphila  umbellata. 
Natural    Order. — Ericaceae.       Habitat. — United 
States. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Chimaphilae  Fluidum,  .    .     f^ss-j. 

Officinal  Name,  JUNIPERUS  (Pharm.,  1880).     English 
Name,  JUNIPER. 

Definition. — ThQ  fruit  of  Juniperus  communis. 
Natural    Order. — Coniferge.       Habitat. — United 
States  and  Europe. 
Contains  a  volatile  oil. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Juniperi, TTLiJ"^- 

Spiritus  Juniperi  (five  percent,  of  oil),   f^ss-ij. 
Spiritus  Juniperi  Compositus  (contains 

oils  of  juniper,  caraway,  and  fennel),  f^j-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  OLEUM  ERIGERONTIS.     English  Name, 
OIL  OF  ERIGERON. 

Definition. — A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the 
fresh  flowering  herb  of  Erigeron  canadense  or  Canada 
fleabane. 


296 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS   OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  297 

Natural  Order. — Compositae. 
Dose,  TTi^v-f3ss. 

Officinal  Name,  OLEUM    SANTALT.     English  Name,  OIL 
OF  SANDALWOOD. 

Definition. — A   volatile   oil    distilled    from    the 
wood  of  Santalum  album. 
.  Natural  Order. — Santalaceae.   Habitat. — Asia  and 
Australia. 

Dose,  n^^ij-x. 

Officinal  Name,  ZEA.     English  Name,  CORN-SILK. 

Definition. — The  styles  2S\A  stigmas  of  Zea  mays. 
Natural  Order.  —  Gramineae.      Habitat.  —  Indi- 
genous. 

Preparation. 

Extractum  Zege  Fluidum, f^ss-j. 

Officinal  Name,  TEREBINTHINA.     English  Name, 
TURPENTINE. 

Definition. — A  concrete  oleoresin  from  the  Pinus 
palustris. 

Natural  Order. — Coniferae.  Habitat. — Indige- 
nous. 

Officinal  Preparations . 
Oleum    Terebinthinse   (wrongly    called 

spirit  of  turpentine), rT\^v-xv. 

Linimentum  Terebinthinge. 
20 


298 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  299 

OJicina/  A^ame,  TEREBmTHlN A  CANADENSIS.  En^/M 

Name,  CANADA   TURPENTINE,  CANADA 

BALSAM,  BALSAM  OF  FIR. 

Definition. — A  liquid  oleoresin  from  Abies  bal- 
sam ea. 

Rarely  used. 

Officinal  Name,  COPAIBA.     English  Name,  COPAIBA. 

Definition. — The  oleoresin  of  Copaiba  Langs- 
dorffii. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.  Habitat. — South 
America. 

Dose,  ni^xx,  t.  i.  d. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Massa  Copaibse,       TT\^v-xx. 

Oleum  Copaibse, gr.  v-xv. 

Resina  Copaibae, gr.  v-xv. 

Officinal  Name,  CUBEBA.     Rjiglish  Name,  CUBEBS. 

Definition. — The  unripe  fruit  of  Piper  cubeba. 

Natural  Order. — Piperaceae.  Habitat. — East  In- 
dies. 

Contains  cubebic  acid,  a  volatile  oil,  and  the  neu- 
tral principle  cubebin. 

Dose,  in  powder,  ^ss-j. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Cubebae, TTLv-xv. 

Tinctura  Cubebse, {"7^  ss-ij. 

Extractum  Cubebae  Fluidum,     ....  n\^x-xxx. 
Oleoresina  Cubebse, TT\^v-xv. 


300  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  30I 

Officinal  Name,  MATICO.     English  Name,  MATICO. 
Definition. — The  leaves  of  Piper  angusti folium. 
Natural  Order. — Piperacese.     Habitat. — Peru. 
Contains  a  volatile  oil,  resin,  and  bitter  principle. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Matico  Fluidum,  ....     {"Z^  ss-j. 
Tinctura  Matico, fgss-ij. 

FAMILY  v.— DIAPHORETICS. 

Medicines  which  increase  the  flow  of  perspiration, 
acting  on  the  skin  directly  or  through  the  system  ; 
they  include  :  (i)  Nauseating  diaphoretics,  (2)  refrig- 
erant diaphoretics,  and  (3)  simple  diaphoretics. 

The  nauseating  diaphoretics  include  tartar 
emetic,  ipecac  and  its  preparations,  notably  Dover's 
powder. 

The  refrigerant  diaphoretics  include  aconite, 
veratrum  viride,  the  cardiac  depressants,  and,  best 
of  all,  potassium  citras — either  as  neutral  mixture 
or  effervescing  draught. 

The  simple  diaphoretics  include  : 

Officinal  Name,  PILOCARPUS.     Ejtglish  Name, 
JABORANDI. 

Definition. — The  leaflets  of  Pilocarpus  selloanus 
and  Pilocarpus  jaborandi. 

Natural  Order. — Rutaceae.     Habitat. — Brazil. 
Contains  the  alkaloid,  pilocarpine. 
Dose,  of  crude  drug,  gr.  v  to  xl. 


302  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA     MEDICA.  303 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Pilocarpi  Fluidum,    ....  TT\^v-l. 
Pilocarpinae  Hydrochloras, gr.  yi-%. 

Officinal  Name,  LIQUOR  AMMONII  ACETATIS.     English 
Name,  SPIRIT  OF  MINDERERUS. 

Definition. — Dilute  acetic  acid,  neutralized  by 
ciirbonate  of  ammonium.  Valuable  as  a  basis  for 
fever  mixtures. 

Dose^  f3j-f§ss.^ 

Officinal  Name,  SPIRITUS  ^THERIS  NITROSI.    English 
Name,  SPIRIT  OF  NITROUS  ETHER. 

Definition. — An  alcoholic  solution  of  ethyl 
nitrite  yielding  not  less  than  ii  times  its  own  volume 
of  nitrogen  dioxid. 

Dose,  as  diaphoretic,  f^j-f  ^ss. 

FAMILY  VL— EXPECTORANTS. 

Remedies  which  cause  an  increase  or  modification 
in  the  amount  of  secretion  from  the  larger  tubes  of 
the  respiratory  tract,  and  facilitate  the  expulsion 
thereof. 

The  nauseating  expectorants  are  lobelia,  tar- 
tar emetic,  and  ipecac.     (See  doses  elsewhere.) 

Officinal  Name,  GRINDELIA.  English  Name,  GRINDELIA. 
Definition. — The  leaves  and  flowering  tops  of 
Grindelia  robusta  and  Grindelia  squarrosa. 


304  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF   MATERIA    MEDICA.  305 

Natural  Order. — Compositae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Grindelise  Fluidum,      .    .    .  TT^^x-f^ij. 

Stimulating  Expectorants. 
Ammoniuin  chloride  (ammonii  chloridum),  in 
doses  of  gr.  v-xx,  is  a  valuable  expectorant. 

Officinal  Name,  SENEGA.     English  Name,  SENEGA. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Polygala  senega. 

Natural  Order. — Polygaleae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Contains  the  glucoside  senegin,  and  polygallic 
acid. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Senegae  Fluidum,      ....  TTLx-xxx. 
Syrupus  Senegae,      f^ss-ij. 

Officinal  Name,  AMMONIACUM.     English  Name, 
AMMONIAC. 

Definition. — K  gum  resin  from  Dorema  ammoni- 
acum. 

Natural  Order. — Umbelliferae.    Habitat. — Persia. 
Dose,  gr.  x-xx. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
.    Emplastrum  Ammoniaci  cum  Hydrar- 
gyro. 
Emulsum  Ammoniaci, fjss-j. 


3o6 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  307 

SULPHURETTED  HYDROGEN.  * 
Rarely  used. 

Officinal  Name,  BENZOINUM.     English  Name,  BENZOIN. 

Definition. — A   balsamic    resin   obtained     from 
Styrax  benzoin. 

Natural  Order. — Styraceae.     Habitat. — Peru. 
Contains  benzoic  acid,  a  volatile  oil,  and  a  resin. 

Officinal  Preparatiotis. 

Adeps  Benzoinatus, external  use. 

Tinctura  Benzoini, f^ss-ij. 

Tinctura  Benzoini  Composita,    .    .    .    .  f^ss-ij. 

Acidum  Benzoicum, gr.  x-^ss. 

Ammonii,  ^ 

Lithii,         \  Benzoas, gr.  x-xv. 

Sodii,         J 


Officinal  Name,  BALSAMUM  PERUVIANUM.     English 
Name,  BALSAM  OF  PERU. 

Definition. — A  balsam  from  Toluifera  pereirae. 
Natural  Order. — Leguminosse.     Habitat. — South 
America. 
Dose,  5SS. 

Officinal  Name,  BALSAMUM   TOLUTANUM.      English 
Name,  BALSAM  OF  TOLU. 

Definition. — A  balsam  obtained  from  Toluifera 
balsamum. 

*  Not  officinal. 


3o8 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  309 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosae.  Habitat. — Cen- 
tral America. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Tinctura  Tolutana, fp^j-iij. 

Syrupus  Tolutanus, ^3J-iJ- 

Also  used  in  the  compound  tincture  of  benzoin. 
Mainly  used  as  vehicles. 

Officinal  Name,  MYRRHA.     English  Name,  MYRRH. 

Definition. — A  gum-resin  from  Commiphora 
myrrha. 

Natural  Order. — Burseraceae.  Habitat. — Arabia, 
Africa. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Pilulse  Aloes  et  Myrrhse, j-iij  pills. 

Tinctura  Aloes  et  Myrrhae,     ....    % 

Tinctura  Myrrhge, j    ^     ~^' 

Mistura  Ferri  Composita, f  ^  ss. 

Officinal  Natfie,  ALLIUM.     English  Name,  GARLIC. 

Definition. — The  bulb  of  Allium  sativum. 
Natural    Order. — Liliacese.       Habitat. — Indigen- 
ous. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Syrupus  Allii, {'^]-\]. 

Syrup  of  squill  and  compound  syrup  of 
squill  are  also  sometimes  used  as  stimulating  expec- 
torants in  doses  of  f^ss. 


3IO  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  3IT 

Officinal  Name,  FIX  LIQUIDA.     English  Name,  TAR. 

Definition. — The  empyreumatic  oleoresin  ob- 
tained by  destructive  distillation  of  the  wood  of 
Pinus  palustris  and  other  species  of  Pinus. 

Natural  Order. — Con i ferae.  Habitat. — Indigen- 
ous. 

On  distillation  it  yields  pitch,  oil  of  tar,  and  pyro- 
ligneous  acid. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Picis  Iviquidse, external  use. 

Syrupus  Picis  Liquidse, f^j-iv. 

Unguentum  Picis  Liquidse,  50  per  cent, 
tar. 

Officinal  Name,  TEREBENUM.     English  Name, 
TEREBENE. 

Definition. — A  clear,  colorless y?«/^,  obtained  by 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  oil  of  turpentine,  and 
then  distilled. 

Consists  mostly  of  pinene  and  very  small  amounts 
of  terpinene  and  dipentene. 

Dose,  TTLx,  in  capsule  or  emulsion,  t.  i.  d. 

FAMILY  VII.— EMMENAGOGUES. 

Remedies  used  to  increase  or  re-establish  the  men- 
strual flow. 

They  include  tonic  and  stimulating  emmenagogues. 

The  tonic  emmenagogues  are  iron,  myrrh,  and 
aloes.     Iron  and  myrrh  act  simply  by  their  general 


312  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  313 

tonic  action  and  are  largely  used  in  anemic  affec- 
tions of  the  menstrual  flow.  The  effect  of  aloes  is 
due  solely  to  stimulation  of  the  rectum. 

Stimulating  Emmenagogues. 
Officinal  Name,  SABINA.     English   Name,  SAVINE. 
Definition. — The  tops  of  Juniperus  sabina. 
'  Natural  Order, — Coniferae.     Habitat. — Europe. 
Contains  a  volatile  oil,  to  which  its  activity  is  due. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Oleum  Sabinse, .  n\,v-x. 

Extractum  Sabinse  Fluidum, TT\^v-xv. 

RUTA.     RUE.* 
Definition. — The  leaves  of  Ruta  graveolens. 
Natural  Order. — Rutacese.     Habitat. — Europe. 
Contains  a  volatile  oil. 

Preparation. 
Oleum  Rutse, ^ij-vj. 

m 

APIOL.* 
Definition. — A   liquid,    neutral    principle    from 
Petroselinum  sativum — ordinary  parsley. 
Natural  Order. — Umbelliferae. 
Dose,  rT\^iij-x,  in  capsule. 

Potassii   permanganas,   in  doses  of  gr.  j-ij, 
t.  i.  d. ;   cantharides,  in  the  form  of  the  tincture, 

■*Not  officinal. 


314  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  315 

n|^iij-v,  and  the  ammoniated  tincture  of  guaiac, 
in  doses  of  f^ss-j,  have  often  been  employed  with 
success. 

Oficinal  Name,  TANACETUM.     English  Name,  TANSY. 

Definition. — The  leaves  and  (ops  of  Tanacetum 
vulgare. 

'  Natural  Order. — Compositge.  Habitat. — Indig- 
enous. 

Contains  a  volatile  oil  a.i]d  bitter  principle. 

Dose,  gr.  x-xx.  The  oil  is  dangerous,  dose  n\^j-v. 

Officinal  Navie,  HEDEOMA.     English  Name,  PENNY- 
ROYAL. 

Definition. — The  leaves  and  tops  of  Hedeoma 
pulegioides. 

Natural  Order.  —  Labiatae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Owes  its  activity  to  a  volatile  oil. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Oleum  HedeomDe, ^j-v. 

FAMILY   VIIL— OXYTOCICS. 
Remedies  which  increase  uterine  muscular  con- 
traction. 

Officinal  Name,  ERGOTA.     English  Name,  ERGOT. 
Definition. — The   sclerotiuiti  of  Claviceps   pur- 
purea {natural  order^  Fungi),  replacing  the  grain  of 


3i6 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  317 

rye  (Secale  cereale,  natural  order,  Graminese),  a  fun- 
gous growth  from  the  diseased   ovary  of  the    rye. 
Should  not  be  over  one  year  old. 
Dose,  in  powder,  gr.  xxx. 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Extractum  Ergotae  Fluidum,  ....     f^ss-j. 
Vinum  Ergotae, f^^^ij-f^ss. 

Ergotin,  a  concentrated  extract  of  ergot,  is  some- 
times used ;  gr.  v  equal  to  f^j  of  fluid  extract. 

Hydrastis  and  hydrastinine  hydrochlorate 
have  lately  been  used  as  oxytocics  with  good  results. 
(See  doses  elsewhere.) 

Officinal  Name,  GOSSYPII   RADICIS  CORTEX.     English 
Name,  COTTON  ROOT  BARK. 

Definition. — The  bark  of  the  root  of  Gossypium 
herbaceum. 

Natural  Order. — Malvaceae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Used  in  decoction  (^iv  to  Oj  of  water)  fgij,  re- 
peated as  needed. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractura  Gossypii  Radicis  Fluidum,    f^ss-ij. 

USTILAGO.     SMUT  OF  INDIAN  CORN.* 
Definition. — Ustilago    maydis    {natural   order, 

*  Not  officinal. 


3-8 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  3I9 

Fungi),  corn  smut  or  corn  ergot,  a  fungous  growth 
on  Zea  mays  (Indian  corn). 

Natural  Order. — Gramineae. 

Dose,  gr.  XV-3J. 

FAMILY  IX.— SIALAGOGUES. 
Those  remedies  which   increase  the  flow  of  saliva 
and  oral  mucus. 

Officinal  Name,   PYRETHRUM.     English  Name, 
PELLITORY. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Anacyclus  pyrethrum. 
Natural  Order. — Compositse.    Habitat. — Europe. 
Dose,  3SS-J  to  be  chewed  ;  or  Tinctura  Pyrethri, 
f5ss-ij. 

FAMILY  X.— ERRHINES. 
Remedies  acting  on  the  nasal  mucous  membrane. 

FAMILY  XL— EPISPASTICS. 
Drugs  used  to  produce  blisters. 

Officinal  Name,  CANTH  ARTS.      English  Name, 
CANTHARIDES,  SPANISH  FLIES. 

Definition. — A  beetle,  Cantharis  vesicatoria,  in- 
habiting Spain,  Italy,  and  Southern  Europe. 

Order. — Coleoptera. 

The  dried  bodies  contain  a  volatile  oil  and  a  neu- 
tral principle,  cantharidin,  to  which  is  due  the  vesi- 
cating property. 


320  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA   MEDICA.  32 1 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Ceratum  Cantharidis, external  use. 

Tinctura  Cantharidis, TTLij-v. 

Collodium  Cantharidatum ,  for  blistering. 
Emplastrura  Picis  Cantharidatum,  warm- 
ing plaster. 

FAMILY   XII.— RUBEFACIENTS. 
Remedies  causing  powerful  irritation  and  conges- 
tion of  the  skin  surface,  which  is,  however,  of  short 
duration. 

Officinal  Name,  English  Name, 

SINAPIS   ALBA.  WHITE   MUSTARD. 

SINAPIS   NIGRA.  BLACK   MUSTARD. 

Definition. — The  seed  of  Brassica  alba  (white), 
and  Brassica  nigra  (black), — mustard. 

Natural  Order. — Cruciferae.     Habitat. — Europe. 

Officinal  Preparations  [from  black  mustard). 

Charta  Sinapis, .6  grs.  to  square  in. 

Oleum  Sinapis, TT\,ij-v,  diluted. 

Linimentuni  Sinapis  Compositum. 

Capsicum,  oleum  terebinthinse,  and  ammo- 
nia are  also  employed  as  rubefacients. 

Officinal  Name,  FIX  BURGUNDICA.     English  Name, 
BURGUNDY  PITCH. 

Definition. — The  prepared  resinous  exudation  of 
Abies  excelsa,  or  Norway  spruce. 
Natural  Order. — Coniferse. 
Contains  a  resin  and  a  volatile  oil. 


32  2  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  323 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Emplastruin  Picis  Burgundicce. 
Emplastrum  Picis  Cantharidatum ,  warm- 
ing plaster. 

FAMILY   XIII.— ESCHAROTICS. 
Those  remedies  which,  by  contact,  destroy  either 
healthy  or  diseased  tissues. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  CHROMICUM.  English  Name, 
CHROMIC  ACID. 

Definition. — Acicular  crystals  of  deep-red  color, 
very  deliquescent,  made  by  the  action  of  sulphuric 
acid  on  potassium  bichromate. 

Apply  with  glass  rod  or  platinum  wire. 

Officinal  Name,  BROMUM.     English  Name,  BROMINE. 
Definition. — A  heavy,  dark-red,  mobile  liqtiid  ; 
very  powerful  caustic. 

Besides  the  above  are  used  : 

Alumen  Exsiccatum. 
Acidum  Sulphuricum. 

*'        Nitricum. 

"        Hydrochloricum. 

"        Arsenosum. 
Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corrosivum. 
Cupri  Sulphas. 
Zinci  Sulphas. 
Zinci  Chloridum. 
Potassa  (caustic  potash). 
Argenti  Nitras  Fusus  (lunar  caustic). 
Potassa  cum  Calce  (Vienna  paste). 
Liquor  Potassae,  etc. 


324  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  325 

FAMILY  XIV.— DEMULCENTS. 
Bland   substances,  capable  of  soothing   inflamed 
surfaces ;  mostly  of  a  gummy  or  mucilaginous  con- 
sistency when  mixed  with  water. 

Officinal  Name,  ACACIA.     English  Name,  GUM  ARABIC. 

,  Definition. — A   gummy  exudation  from  Acacia 
Senegal. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosae.     Habitat. — Africa 
and  Australia. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Mucilago  Acacise,  -) 

0  .       .        \ vehicles. 

Syrupus  Acaciae,    J 


Officinal    Name,   TRAGACANTHA.       English    Name, 
TRAGACANTH. 

Definition. — A  gummy  exudation  from  Astragalus 
gummifer. 

Natural  Order. — Leguminosae.  Habitat, — Asia 
Minor. 

Officinal  Preparation, 
Mucilago  Tragacanthae, vehicle. 

Officinal  Name,  ULMUS.     English  Name,  SLIPPERY  ELM. 

Definition. — The  inner  bark  of  Ulmus  fulva. 

Natural  Order. — Urticaceae.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Mucilago  Ulmi, vehicle. 


326 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  327 

Officiual  Name,  CETRARIA.      English    Name,  ICELAND 
MOSS. 

Definition. — A  lichen^  Cetraria  islandica,  found 
in  Iceland. 

Natural  Order, — Lichenes. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Decoctum  Cetrarias, f^ss-iv. 

Officinal    Name,    CHONDRUS.     English    Names,  IRISH 
MOSS,  CARRAGHEEN. 

Definition. — Fronds  of  Chondrus  crispus  and 
Gigartina  mamillosa. 

Natural  Order. — Algae.  Habitat, — New  England 
and  Ireland. 

Nutrient  and  demulcent. 

Officinal  Name,  QINQY^'^YWLK.     English  Name, 
LIQUORICE  ROOT. 

Definition. — The  root  of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra. 
Natural    Order. — Leguminosse.      Habitat. — Eu- 
rope. 

Contains  the  glucoside  glycyrrhizin. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Extractum  Glycyrrliizse, ^ 

x^  ^      ^        r-y  1  •       171   -J  for  flavoring  and  as 

Extractum  GlycyrrhiziTe  rluidum,      .    \  .        ° 

Extractum  Glycyrrhizae  Purum,      .    .  J 

Glycyrrhizinum  Ammoniatum,  .    .    .    .  gr.  v-x. 

Pulvis  Glycyrrhiz3e  Compositus  (cathartic), 


328 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  329 

contains  senna,  fennel,  and  washed 
sulphur, ^ss-ij. 

Mistura  Glycyrrhizse  Composita  (Brown  • 
mixture)  contains  wine  of  antimony, 
paregoric,  and  sweet  spirit  of  nitre,  .  f  Jss-j. 

Trochisci  Glycyrrhizoe  et  Opii,  i  =  ext. 
of  liquorice,  2  grs,,  ext.  of  opium, 

Officinal  Name,  LI  NUM.     English  Name,  FLAXSEED. 
Definition. — The  seed  oi  Linum  usitatissimum. 
Natural  Order. — Lineae.     Habitat. — Widely  dif- 
fused. 

Used  as  tea. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Oleum  Lini  {^flaxseed  or  linseed  oil^. 

Officinal  Name,  SASSAFRAS  MEDULLA.  English  Name, 
SASSAFRAS  PITH. 

Definition. — Tht  pith  of  Sassafras  variifolium. 

Natural  Order. — Laurineae.  Habitat. — Europe 
and  United  States. 

It  yields  a  mucilage  much  used  in  the  treatment 
of  eye  affections. 

Officinal  Name,  ALTHyEA.     English  N'ame, 
MARSHMALLOW. 

Definition. — The  root  o^  Althaea  officinalis. 
Natural    Order. — Malvaceae.      Habitat. — United 

States. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Syrupus  Althseae. 
22 


330  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  33 1 

TAPIOCA.* 

Definition. — The  fecula  obtained  from  the  root 
of  Janipha  raanihot. 

Habitat. — South  America. 

Maranta  (arrowroot),  sago,  and  hordeum 
(barley),  used  mostly  as  food,  are  occasionally  em- 
ployed as  demulcents. 

FAMILY  XV.— EMOLLIENTS. 
Bland,  fatty  substances,  which  soothe  and  soften 
the  skin. 

Officinal  Name,  GLYCERINUM.     English  Name, 
GLYCERIN. 

Definition. — A  clear,  colorless  liquid  of  thick 
syrupy  consistence ;  odorless ;  very  sweet,  and 
slightly  warm  to  the  taste.  Obtained  by  the  decom- 
position of  vegetable  or  animal  fats  or  fixed  oils,  and 
containing  at  least  95  per  cent,  of  absolute  glycerin. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Suppositoria  Glycerini. 

LANOLIN.* 
Definition. — Purified  fat  of  sheep's  wool.   Often 
used  as  an  ointment   base;   more  readily  absorbed 
through  the  skin  than  most  other  fats,  according  to 
some  authorities. 

*Not  officinal. 


332  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  333 

Officinal  Name,  ADEPS.     Englisfi  "^Name,  LARD. 
Definition. — The  prepared  fat  of  Susscrofa  (hog), 
contains  olein  and  stearin. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Adeps  Benzoinatus. 

Unguentum,  lard,  four  parts  ;  yellow  wax,  one  part. 

Ceratum,  lard,  70  per  cent.  ;   white  wax,  30  per  cent. 

Officinal  Name,  CETACEUM.     E^iglisfi  Name,  SPERMA- 
CETI. 

Definition. — A  concrete  fatty  substance,  obtained 
from  Physeter  macrocephalus  (whale). 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Ceratum  Cetacei. 
Unguentum  Aquae  Rosse. 

Officinal  Name,  Englisfi  Name, 

CERA  FLAVA.  YELLOW  WAX. 

CERA  ALBA.  WHITE  WAX. 

Definition. — Beeswax  ;  prepared  by  Apis  melli- 
fica  (honey-bee). 

Officinal  Name,  OLEUM  THEOBROMATIS.     English 
Name,  BUTTER  OF  CACAO. 

Definition. — A  fixed  oil  expressed  from  the  seed 
of  Theobroma  cacao.  Used  for  suppositories  and 
in  ointments. 

Natural  Order. — Sterculiaceae.  Habitat. — South 
America. 


334  I*'OR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  335 

Officinal  Name,  English  Name, 

PETROLATUM  MOLLE.  SOFT  PETROLATUM. 

PETROLATUM  SPISSUM.  HARD  PETROLATUM. 

Definition. — A  mixture  of  hydrocarbons  ob- 
tained by  the  distillation  of  petroleum.  When 
''petrolatum"  is  prescribed,  it  means  always  the 
soft  variety. 

FAMILY  XVI.— DILUENTS. 
These  are  substances  (water  and  medicated  waters) 
which    are     to     be    absorbed    during    their   passage 
through  the  body,  and  so  dilute  its  various  fluids  and 
excretions. 

FAMILY  XVIL— PROTECTIVES. 
External  applications  to  exclude  air  and   protect 
inflamed  surfaces. 

Officinal  Name,  <Z0\A.0Vi\\5Vi.     English  Name,  COLLO- 
DION. 

Definition. — A  solution  of  pyroxylin  or  gun- 
cotton  in  alcohol  and  etlier.  The  alcohol  and  ether 
evaporate  rapidly  and  leave  a  translucent,  flexible, 
adherent  film  on  the  skin  which  is  impervious  to  air 

and  water. 

Officinal  Prepaj-ations. 

CoUodium  Flexile,  five  per  cent.  Canada  turpentine, 
three  percent,  castor  oil,  and  92  percent,  collodion. 
Collodium  Stypticum,  20  per  cent,  tannic  acid. 
Collodium  Cantharidatum,  blistering. 


33^ 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  337 

LIQUOR  GUTTA-PERCHA  (TRAUMATICINE).* 
Contains  nine  per  cent,  of  gutta-percha  in  com- 
mercial chloroform.  Leaves  a  film  of  gutta-percha  at 
place  of  application  after  evaporation  of  the  chloro- 
form, and  in  this  manner  various  remedies  are  occa- 
sionally employed,  especially  in  the  treatment  of  skin 
diseases. 

DIVISION  II. 
EXTRANEOUS  REMEDIES. 

FAMILY  I.— ANTACIDS. 
Remedies  used  to  overcome  excessive  acidity. 

SODIUM  (Metal) .-^ 

Officinal  Preparations. 
Soda  (caustic). 

Liquor  Sodae,  five  per  cent,  sodium  hy- 
drate,       .        ...  TT^ij-x, 

Sodii  Bicarbonas, gr.  v-xxx, 

Sodii  Carbonas, gr.  v-xxx. 

Trochisci  Sodii  Bicarbonatis,      .    .    .    "] 

Sodii  Acetas, 

Sodii  Benzoas, | 

Sodii  Boras  (borax), 

Sodii  Bromidum, 

Sodii  Cliloras, 

Sodii  Chloridum  (salt),  .        ... 

Sodii  lodidum, 

Sodii  Phosphas, 

Sodii  Salicylas, 

Sodii  Sulphi  Carbolas, 

Sodii  Sulphas  (Glauber's  salt),  .    .    .    J 

The  liquor,  carbonate,  and  bicarbonate  are  often 
est  used. 

*  Not  officinal. 


gr.  v-xxx. 


33^ 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  339 

CALCIUM   (Metal).* 


[  gr-  X- 


Officinal  Preparations. 

Calcii  Bromidum, 

Calcii  Chloridum, )■  2.x.  x-xxx. 

Calcii  Phosphas  Prsecipitatus,    . 

Cakii  Hypophosphis, gr.  iij-v. 

Calcii  Carbonas  Praecipitatus. 
Calx  (quick-lime),  caustic. 
Liquor  Calcis  (lime-water). 
Linimentum  Calcis  [carron  oil),  equal 
parts  of  lime-water  and  olive  oil. 

Calx  Sulphurata,      gr.  y^-ss. 

Creta  Praeparata  (prepared  chalk),     .    .    gr.  x-^j. 

Mistura  Cretae, f^ss. 

Syrupus  Calcii  Lactophosphatis,     .    .    .  f^ss. 
Syrupus  Calcis,  ........    rt\,x-f3J. 

Syrupus  Hypophosphitum,      ....       fgij-iv. 

Syrupus  Hypophosphitum  cum  P'erro,  .  f  3  ij-iv. 

FAMILY  II.— ANTHELMINTICS. 
Remedies  causing  the  expulsion  or  death  of  intes- 
tinal worms. 

Officinal  Name,  SPIGELIA.     English  Name,  PINKROOT. 

Definition. — The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Spigelia 
marilandica,  or  Carolina  pink. 

Natural  Order. — Loganiacese.  Habitat. — United 
States. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Spigelise  Fluidum,    .    .    .       f^:5ss-j. 

*  Not  officinal. 


34°  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  34 1 

AZEDARACH* 

Definition. — The  bark  of  the  root  of  Melia  aze- 
darach  (pride  of  China). 

Natural  Order. — Meliaceae. 

Used  in  f^ss  doses  of  decoction,  giv  to  Oj  of 
water  boiled  to  Oij. 

'   {^rma/iVaw^,  CHENOPODIUM.     English  Name, 
AMERICAN  WORMSEED. 

Definition. — The  fruit  of  Chenopodium  ambro- 
sioides  ;  variety,  anthelminticum. 

Natural  Order. — Chenopodiaceae.  Its  effects  are 
due  to  the  volatile  oil  it  contains. 

Dose,  of  oil,  TT^v-x,  for  three-year-old  child.^ 

Officinal  Name,  CUSSO  (BRAYERA,  Pharm.,  1880).     Eng- 
lish Name,  KOUSSO. 

Definition. — The  female  inflorescence  of  Hagenia 
abyssinica. 

Natural  Order. — Rosaceae.    Habitat. — Abyssinia. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Extractum  Cusso  Fluidum, f^j-iij. 

Officinal  Name,  SANTONICA.     English  Name,  LEVANT 
WORMSEED. 

Definition. — The  MW^yi'^z.wditA  flower-heads  of  Ar- 
temisia pauciflora. 

*  Not  officinal. 


342  FOR    THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  343 

Natural  Order. — Compositae.  Habitat. — Europe 
and  Asia. 

Contains  the  neutral  principle  santoninum  {san- 
tonin)^ to  which  its  activity  is  due.  Used  for  round- 
worms almost  exclusively. 

Dose,  gr.  ss-v  for  adult,  and  gr.  ^-ss  for  child. 

Officinal  Preparations. 

Trochisci  Santonini, I  ==:  gr.  ss. 

Sodii  Santoninas  (Pharm.,  1880),      .    .  gr.  ij-v. 

The  sodium  santoninate  is  more  soluble,  and  there- 
fore more  dangerous  than  santonin. 

Officinal  Name,  ASPIDIUM.    English  Name,  MALE  FERN 
— FILIX-MAS.    ■ 

Definition. — The  rhizome  of  Dryopteris  filix- 
mas  and  Dryopteris  marginalis. 

Natural  Order. — Filices. 

Its  activity  is  due  to  an  oleo?'esin,  which  is  offici- 
nal. 

Dose,  fjss-j  of  oleoresin,  taken  in  the  morning 
after  fasting  twenty-four  hours,  and  repeat  in  three 
hours.     Used  mostly  for  tapeworm. 

Officinal  Name,  PEPO.      English  Name,  PUMPKIN  SEED. 

Definition. — The  seed  oi  Cucurbita  pepo. 

Natural  Order. — Cucurbitacese. 

Dose,  of  seed  (powdered  with  sugar),  5J-ij. 


344  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  345 

Turpentine,  in  doses  of  fgss,  is  occasionally 
given  with  twice  its  bulk  of  castor  oil,  for  both  tape- 
and  round  worms. 

Officinal  Name,  GRANATUM.     English  Name,  POME- 
GRANATE. 

Definition. — The  dark  of  the  sleni  and  root  of 
Punica  granatum. 

Natural  Order, — Lythrarieae.  Habitat. — India. 
Cultivated  in  United  States. 

Contains  the  active  alkaloids  pelletierine  and 
isopelletierine. 

The  decoction  (^^ij-Oij  of  water  boiled  to  Oj)  is 
given  in  doses  of  f^ij,  before  breakfast;  repeated  if 
necessary. 

Dose  of  pelletierine,  gr.  v-x. 

Officinal  Name,  KAMALA.     English  Name,  KAMALA. 

Definition. — The  glands  and  hairs  of  the  cap- 
sules of  Mallotus  philippinensis. 

Natural  Order. — Euphorbiaceae.  Habitat. — East 
Indies. 

Contains  the  active  resinoid  rottlerin. 

Dose,  3J-ij  of  powder,  given  in  syrup. 

FAMILY  III.— DIGESTANTS. 
Remedies  which  increase  the  action  of  the  gastric 
and  intestinal  juices  in  so  far  as  their  solvent  power 
is  concerned,  and  thereby  render  digestion  easier 
and  quicker  of  accomplishment. 
23 


346 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  347 

Officinal  Name,  PEPSINUM  SACCHARATUM.     English 
Name,  PEPSIN— SACCHARATED  PEPSIN. 

Definition. — A  proteolytic  ferment  or  enzyme 
from  the  fresh  stomach  of  the  pig.  Capable  of  di- 
gesting not  less  than  3000  times  its  own  weight  of 
freshly  coagulated  and  disintegrated  egg-albumen. 
This  is  pure  pepsin.  When  we  add  90  per  cent,  of 
sugar  of  milk,  we  obtain  saccharated  pepsin.  This 
digests  300  times  its  weight  of  albumen. 

Dose,  gr.  v-xx. 

Officinal  Name,  PANCREATINUM.     English  Name,  PAN- 
CREATIN. 

Definition. — A  mixture  of  the  enzymes  found  in 
\\\Q  pancreas  of  the  Mammalia,  that  of  the  hog  being 
generally  used. 

Dose,  gr.  v-x. 

EXTRACT  OF  MALT.* 

Definition. — The  seeds  of  barley  (Hordeum  dis- 
tichum,  natural  order,  Graminese)  caused  to  ger- 
minate artificially  and  then  dried.  The  extract 
should  be  free  from  starch. 

Dose,  f^HsJ- 

PAPAIN.* 
Definition. — A  ferment  from  the  fruit  of  Carica 
papaya,  a  South  American  tree. 

*  Not  officinal. 


348 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  349 

Natural  Order. — Papayacese.  Habitat. — South 
America. 

Dose,  gr.  j-x. 

FAMILY  IV.— ABSORBENTS. 
Remedies  used    to   absorb   acid   and    deleterious 
rnaterials,  offensive  discharges,  secretions,  etc.,  both 
in   the  alimentary  canal  and  externally.     They  are 
animal  and  vegetable  charcoal. 

Officinal  Name,  CARBO  ANIMALIS.     English  Name,  ANI- 
MAL CHARCOAL. 

Definition. — Charcoal    prepared     from     bones, 
blood,  etc. 
Dose,  ^ss. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Carbo  Anitnalis  Purificatus. 

Officinal  Name,  CARBO  LIGNL     English  Name, 
CHARCOAL. 

Definition. — Charcoal  prepared  from  soft  wood 
and  very  finely  powdered.  Used  to  dress  foul 
wounds  and  ulcers,  and  to  absorb  noxious  gases. 

FAMILY  v.— DISINFECTANTS. 
Substances  employed  for  the  prevention  of  noxious 
miasmata  or  effluvia.     Of  course,  heat, — both   dry 
and  moist, — air,  water,  ventilation,  and  proper  dis- 
posal of  infected  excreta  are  of  the  utmost  import- 


35©  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  35 1 

ance.  Besides  these,  the  various  salts  of  iron  and 
lead,  forming  sulphurets,  are  considered  important. 
The  oxides  of  iron  convert  ordinary  oxygen  into 
ozone,  which  is  itself  a  disinfectant. 

COPPERAS— IMPURE  SULPHATE  OF  IRON— 
Is  an  important  destructive  disinfectant  but  is  not 
strictly  a  germicide.  Its  sole  use  is  to  alter  the  course 
of  putrefaction  and  destruction  of  the  products 
thereof.  May^be  used  in  solution,  powder,  or  crys- 
tals, according  to  the  mass  to  be  acted  upon.  Is  ex- 
tremely valuable  for  use  in  cesspools,  etc. 

LIME 
Is  of  use  only  as  a  destructive  agent ;  it  tends  to 
prevent  odor,  but  is  useless  in  sewers,  privies,  etc. 

CORROSIVE  SUBLIMATE.— BICHLORIDE.— BICHLO- 
RIDE OF  MERCURY. 

Very  powerful,  both*  antiseptic  and  germicidal — 
even  in  weak  solution.  Owing  to  its  poisonous  na- 
ture care  must  be  observed  in  its  use. 

CARBOLIC  ACID. 

An  active  germicide.  From  it  we  obtain  creosols, 
cresylic  acid,  creolin,  lysol,  etc.,  all  also  germi- 
cides. 

Creolin  is  an  emulsion  of  creosol  obtained  by 
means  of  resin  soap. 


352  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  353 

Lysol  is  said  to  contain  50  per  cent,  of  creosol. 
Both  creolin  and  lysol  will  mix  with  water,  alcohol, 
and  ether. 

PERMANGANATE  OF  POTASSIUM. 

A  valuable  disinfectant  and  germicide,  but  of 
limited  power  as  it  yields  up  its  own  oxygen  and  be- 
comes inert.  It  will  destroy  most,  if  not  all,  alka- 
loids in  a  sufficient  length  of  time,  and  has  been 
used  with  success  in  morphine  poisoning,  given  in 
doses  one-third  larger  than  the  amount  of  morphine 
ingested. 

CHLORINE. 

The  gas  is  a  powerful  germicide,  but  is  exceedingly 
dangerous,  and  is  apt  to  injure  the  clothing  as  well 
as  the  wearer  thereof. 

Officinal  Preparation. 
Aqua  Chlori  contains  at  least  0.4  per  cent,  of  chlorine 
gas. 

Diluted,  may  be  used  as  a  gargle  in  diphtheria  and 
as  a  stimulant  in  the  washing  of  foul  ulcers. 

Officijial  Name,  CALX  CHLORATA.     English  Name, 
CHLORINATED  LIME. 

Definition. — Composed  of  calcium  hypochlo- 
rite and  calcium  chloride.  Owes  its  activity  to  the 
chlorine  (25  per  cent.)  it  yields  when  exposed  to  the 
air.     Used  as  a  disinfectant  only. 


354  F^R   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MAI  ERIA    MEDICA.  355 

OJidna/  JVame,' J AQUOR    SOD.^  CHLORATE..     Eno/is/i 
Name,  LABARRAQUE'S  SOLUTION. 

Definition. — Solution  of  chlorinated  soda. 

Contains  hypochlorite  of  soda,  and  may  be  used  in 
the  same  manner  as  chlorinated  lime,  or  properly 
diluted  in  the  same  way  as  aqua  chlori. 

Officinal  Name,  English  A^ame, 

ACIDUM  BORICUM.  BORIC  OR  BORACIC  ACID. 

SODII  BORAS.  BORAX. 

Definition. — Used  as  a  dusting  powder  and  in 
solution  for  wounds,  ulcers,  abscesses,  burns,  etc. 
Is  also  efficient  in  neutralizing  ammoniacal  urine  and 
in  cystitis  due  thereto,  and  as  an  eyewash. 

Dose,  acid,  gr.  v-x ;  salt,  gr.  xx. 

Officinal  Name,  ACIDUM  SULPHUROSUM.     English 
Name,  SULPHUROUS  ACID. 

Definition. — This  acid  and  its  salts  are  very 
efficient  in  destroying  the  low  forms  of  life  connected 
with  fermentation  and  putrefaction,  and  for  this 
reason  form  an  excellent  preservative  of  organic 
matter. 

Officinal  Name,  NAPHTALINUM.     English  Name, 
NAPHTALENE. 

Definition. — A  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  coal- 
tar.  Poisonous  to  the  lower  forms  of  life.  Has  sup- 
planted camphor  as  a  destroyer  of  moths.     Also  used 


356 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  357 

externally  as  an  antiseptic  dressing  and  in  certain 
parasitic  skin  diseases,  but  beta-naphtol  is  superior  to 
it,  and  oftener  used. 

Dose,  gr.  ij-viij  in  capsule. 

Officinal  Name,  NAPHTOL.     English  Name,  BETA- 
NAPHTOL. 

'  Definition. — Prepared  by  heating  naphtalin  with 
sulphuric  acid,  then  fusing  with  alkaline  hydrates. 

Alpha-naphtol  is  not  officinal,  but  beta-naphtol  is. 

The  odor  faintly  suggests  carbolic  acid ;  occurs  in 
pale  buff  or  colorless  crystals,  freely  soluble  in 
alcohol,  slightly  in  water.  May  be  used  internally  as 
an  antiseptic,  and  externally  for  the  same  indications 
as  naphtalene. 

Officinal  Name,  AQUA    HYDROGENII  DIOXIDI.     Eng- 
lish Name,  HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE  OR  PEROXIDE. 

H2O2,  water,  plus  one  atom  of  oxygen,  is  a  power- 
ful germicide  \  effervesces  when  brought  into  contact 
with  pus,  destroying  the  pus-corpuscles ;  is  a  power- 
ful deodorant  and  an  exceedingly  valuable  local  anti- 
septic. Generally  used  in  diluted  solution.  Pro- 
bably not  poisonous,  but  as  a  matter  of  precaution 
the  solution  used  should  not  be  stronger  than  the 
officinal  solution, — three  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of  the 
pure  dioxide, — equal  to  about  ten  volumes  of  available 
oxygen. 


358  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


\ 


CHAPTER  IV. 
POISONING. 

Antidotes  and  Treatment. 

In  all  cases,  except  those  specially  mentioned,  the 
stomach  should  be  at  once  evacuated  either  by  (i) 
emetic  (mustard,  salt-water,  etc.),  (2)  hypodermic 
injection  of  apomorphinae,  or  (3)  the  stomach-pump. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  tannic  acid  is 
an  antidote  for  all  the  alkaloids  and  such  vegetable 
drugs  as  depend  for  their  activity  on  the  alkaloids 
they  contain.  It  is  also  the  antidote  for  antimony, 
and  can  do  no  harm  even  in  large  amount. 

yETHER.     ETHER. 
Stop  the  inhalation;  artificial  respiration,  atropine 
and  strychnine  hypodermically,  fresh  air,  alternate 
hot  and  cold  douche,  electricity. 

ALCOHOL  (Acute). 
Evacuate  the  stomach,  hot  and  cold  douche,  elec- 
tricity, strychnine  hypodermically. 

ALKALIES:    LIME.     POTASSA.     SODA. 
Weak   acid,    administered    freely   and    at    once. 
(Vinegar  is,  as  a  rule,  easily  and  quickly  obtained.) 
359 


36c 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  36 1 

AMMONIUM.     AMMONIA. 

Neutralize  by  acid  (dilute  acetic  acid — vinegar — 

is  nearly  always  at  hand)  ;  use  oils  and  demulcents  to 

protect  the  irritated  surfaces ;    opium  if  necessary. 

Edema  of  the  glottis  or  larynx  demands  tracheotomy. 

ANTIMONII  ET  POTASSII  TARTRAS.     TARTAR 
EMETIC. 

Evacuate  the  stomach  ;  give  the  chemic  antidote, 
tannic  acid ;  opium  if  needed,  and  stimulants  if 
required. 

ARGENTI  NITRAS.      NITRATE  OF  SILVER. 

Common  salt  (sodium  chloride)  forms  the  insolu- 
ble chloride  of  silver,  which  is  inert.  Treat  symp- 
toms as  they  arise. 

ATROPINE.     BELLADONNA. 

Evacuate  stomach  (emetics),  bowels  (cathartics), 

and  bladder  (catheter)  to  prevent  further  absorption. 

Tannic  acid  should  be  given  in  large  doses.     Use 

morphine  hypodermically  as  a  physiologic  antidote. 

ACIDUM  ARSENOSUM.     ARSENIC   OR  ANY  OF  ITS 
PREPARATIONS. 

Evacuate  the  stomach.  Give  the  fresh  antidote 
(hydrated  oxide  of  iron  with  magnesia)  in  large 
doses. 

24 


362  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  363 

ACIDUM  CARBOLICUM.  CARBOLIC  ACID. 
Very  rapid  in  its  action.  Evacuation  of  the  stom- 
ach is  useless;  use  the  antidote,  a  soluble  sulphate, 
—preferably  magnesia  sulphate, — in  large  amounts, 
during  all  stages,  as  it  is  capable  of  neutralizing  the 
poison  even  after  absorption,  provided  the  length  of 
time  it  has  been  absorbed  has  not  been  too  great. 

ACIDS. 

HYDROCHLORIC  OR  MURIATIC.     NITRIC.     SUL- 
PHURIC. 

First,  give  alkalies  or  alkaline  earths  ;  soap  or  very 
weak  ammonia  solution,  to  neutralize  the  acid  ;  then 
give  demulcents,  oils,  albumens,  etc.,  to  protect  the 
injured  surfaces  and  treat  the  symptoms  as  they  arise. 

Hydrochloric  acid  causes  a  slight  blistering  and 
yellow  tinge  to  surfaces  with  which  it  is  brought  into 
contact. 

Nitric  acid  causes  a  persistent  orange-yellow 
stain. 

Sulphuric  acid  blackens  and  chars  the  tissues 
with  which  it  is  brought  into  contact. 

ACIDUM  HYDROCYANICUM. 

An  overdose  kills  almost  immediately  ;   treatment 

is   generally   useless,    but   if    possible   evacuate  the 

stomach  \  atropine  and  strychnine  hypodermically. 

Ammonia  by  the  mouth,   inhalation,  and  intraven- 


3^4 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  365 

ously.     Hot  and  cold  douche,  electricity,  and  arti- 
ficial respiration. 

ACIDUM  OXALICUM. 
Lime,  chalk  (calcium  carbonate),  present  in  every 
house  as  tooth  powder,  forms   an  insoluble  oxalate 
and  is  the  only  antidote.    Must  be  given  immediately. 
If  necessary,  use  the  lime  from  wall  or  fence. 


ACONITUM.     ACONITE. 
Evacuate  the  stomach.    Keep  the  head  at  the  same 
level  as  the  rest  of  the  body.     Give  alcohol,  ether, 
ammonia,  digitalis,  hypodermically,  if  necessary. 

CHLORAL.  CHLORAL  HYDRATE: 
Keep  up  the  temperature.  Stimulate  the  heart, 
use  electricity,  artificial  respiration,  and  use  atropine 
as  required.  Chloral  is  a  good  antidote  in  strych- 
nia poisoning,  but  strychnia  is  of  no  use  in  chloral 
poisoning. 

CHLOROFORM. 
Stop  the  inhalation  \  artificial  respiration,  electric 
battery,  atropine,  strychnine,  etc. 

COLCHICUM. 
Give  emetics  and  tannic  acid.     Use  opium  and 
stimulants. 


366 


FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  367 

COPPER  ACETATE.   CUPRUM  ACETAS. 

COPPER  SULPHATE.  CUPRUM  SULPHAS. 

COPPER  ACETATE  (IMPURE).  VERDIGRIS. 

Potassium  ferrocyanide  forms  an  insoluble  com- 
pound with  the  above.  Use  demulcents,  opium  to 
allay  pain,  and  treat  the  symptoms  as  they  arise. 

In  chronic  poisoning,  use  iodide  of  potassium, 
gr.  X,  t.  i.  d.  for  continued  periods  of  time. 


CYANIDE  OF  POTASSIUM. 
CYANIDE  OF  SILVER. 

Treat  poisoning  the  same  as  hydrocyanic  acid. 


DIGITALIS.     FOXGLOVE. 
Use  emetics  and  cathartics.     Tannic  acid  is  unre- 
liable but  is  sometimes  used.     Give  the  physiological 
antidotes  alcohol,  opium,  and  ammonia. 

HYDRARGYRUM.     MERCURY  AND  ITS  PREPA- 
RATIONS. 

Albumen  (white  of  egg,  milk,  or  wheat  flour)  fol- 
lowed by  an  emetic  ;  demulcents  ;  opium  if  required. 

lODUM.     IODINE. 
Evacuate  the  stomach  and  give  liquids  containing 
starch  in  large  amount. 


368 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  369 

MORPHINE. 
Tannic  acid ;  evacuate  the  stomach ;  give  strong 
black  coffee ;  keep  the  patient  awake ;  use  electric- 
ity, hot  and  cold  douche.  Use  atropine  to  its  limit ; 
artificial  respiration,  long  continued  if  necessary. 
Strychnia  is  of  value  in  large  doses. 

NUX  VOMICA.    STRYCHNINA. 
Evacuate  the  stomach  ;  give  tannic  acid  as'chemic 
antidote.     Use   chloral   and   potassium  bromide  in 
large  doses  pushed  to  effect.     Produce  free  cathar- 
sis and  diuresis ;  use  the  catheter  if  necessary. 

OPIUM.      (See   Morphine.) 

PHOSPHORUS. 

French  oil  of  turpentine,  which  has  been  success- 
fully used  abroad,  is  practically  unobtainable  in 
America.  Sulphate  of  copper  forms  an  insoluble 
sulphate,  and  therefore  is  the  antidote  most  fre- 
quently employed  in  this  country. 

Give  gr.  x  doses  and  repeat. 

PLUMBUM.     LEAD. 
Evacuate  the  stomach.     Give  a  soluble   sulphate 
or  dilute  sulphuric   acid  (forming  an  insoluble  sul- 
phate), demulcents  if  necessary,  and  use  morphine 
for  pain  and  vomiting. 


37©  FOR    THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ESSENTIALS    OF    MATERIA    MEDICA.  37 1 

In  chronic  lead  poisoning,  dilute  sulphuric  acid  as 
a  habitual  drink,  magnesium  sulphate  as  both  purge 
and  antidote,  and  potassium  iodide  in  gr.  x  doses 
continued  for  some  weeks  will  be  found  of  valuable 
service.     Alum  is  sometimes,  though  rarely,  used. 

VERATRUM  VIRIDE. 
An  overdose  generally  produces  emesis  and  so  ren- 
ders poisoning  rare.     Treat  symptomatically.     Give 
heart  stimulants  as  required. 

ZINCI  SULPHAS. 
Alkalies  and  alkaline  carbonates  produce  insoluble 
precipitates. 

Give  demulcents  and  treat  symptomatically. 


372  FOR   THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ADDENDA. 


In  order  to  facilitate  the  study  of  the  natural  or- 
ders, the  following  table  is  here  included : 


Algae, Chondrus. 

Anacardieae, Rhus  glabra. 

,  f  Aspidosperma. 

Apocynaceae,       ....    ^   „        ,       , 

(  Strophanthus. 

Aristolochiaceae, Serpentaria. 

Aroidese, Calamus. 

Berberideae, Podophyllum. 

Burseraceae, Myrrha. 

Celastrineae,      Euonymus. 

Chenopodiaceae,   .....  Chenopodium. 

Coleoptera, Cantharis. 

Anacyclus  pyrethrum. 

Arnicse. 

Artemisa  pauciflora  (santonin). 

Anthemis. 

Erigeron. 

Eupatorium. 

Grindelia. 

Lactucarium. 

Tanacetum. 

Taraxacum. 


Compositae, 


373 


374  FOR   THERAPEUTIC   NOTES. 


ADDENDA. 


375 


f  Abies  canadensis. 

I   Abies  excelsa. 
Juniperus  communis. 
Juniperus  sabina. 
[   Pinus  palustris. 

^         ,     ,  I   Jalapa. 

Convolvulacete,  .    .    ,    .    ^    ,, 

l  vScarnmonium. 

Cruciferae, Sinapis  alba  and  sinapis  nigra. 

{Colocynthis. 
Elaterium. 
Pepo. 

{Quercus  alba. 
Quercus  lusitanica. 
Fagus  sylvatica  (beech). 

_  .  f  Chimaphila. 

Ericaceae, <    ^.      ,,    . 

i-  Uva  Ursi. 

f  Cascarilla. 

_     ,     ,  .  I    Kamala. 

h-uphorbiacea:,   ....    J   ^,  ... 

}   Oleum  ricmi. 

I   Oleum  tiglii. 
Filices, •  .    .    .  Aspidium. 

Fungi {  E^gf- 

*.  Ustilago. 

Gentiane^, {   Gentiana. 

I  Chirata. 
Geraniaceoc, Geranium. 

Gramine^,  .    .    .    .     |  ^^^  (^^^^^^)- 

I.  Zea  mays. 

Guttiferae, Cambogia. 

Juglandaceoe, Juglans. 

f  Hedeoma. 

I    Melissa. 
Labiatae, -{   Mentha  piperita. 

I   Mentha  viridis. 

[  Salvia. 


376 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ADDENDA. 

( 

Camphora. 

Laurine?e, ] 

Cinnamomum  zeylanicum 

[ 

Sassafras  variifolii. 

' 

Acacia. 

Balsamum  Peruvianum. 

Balsamum  tolutanum. 

Cassia  fistula. 

Catechu. 

. 

Copaiba  Langsdorffii. 

Glycyrrhiza. 

Leguminosoe,      

Hsematoxylon. 

Kino. 

Physostigma. 

Scoparius  (sparteine). 

Senna. 

Tamarindus. 

Tragacantha. 

Lichenes, 

.  Cetraria. 

\  Aloes. 

Allium. 

Colchicum. 

Convallaria  majalis. 

Liliacege, 

Sarsaparilla. 

Scilla. 

Veratrina. 

Veratrum  viride. 

f  Coca. 
\  Linum. 

Linese, 

Lobeliaceoe, 

.  Lobelia. 

f  Gelsemium. 

1    Ignatia. 

Loganiacese, 

1    Nux  vomica. 

377 


Spigelia. 


25 


378 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ADDENDA. 


3-79 


Lythrarieic, 

f 
Malvaceae, ^ 

Menispermaceoe,     .    .    .     | 

MyristicacCiK, 

f 

I 

Myrtacese, -j 


OleaceK,    .    . 
Papaveraceoe, 

Papayacese,  . 


Piperacese, 

Polygalese, 
Polygonaceoe, 


RanunculaceK, 


Rhamnacete, 


Rosacea, 


Rubiacece, 


Punica  granatuni. 
Althaea. 
Gossypii. 
Calumba. 
Pareira. 
Myristica. 
Caryophyllus. 
Eucalyptus. 
Oleum  cajuputi. 
Pimenta. 
,  Manna. 
Opium. 
Sanguinaria. 
Papain. 

Piper. 

Matico. 
-  Cubeba. 

Krameria. 

Senega. 

Rheum. 

Aconitum. 

Adonidine. 

Cimicifuga. 

Hydrastis. 

Rhamnus  frangula. 

Rhamnus  purshiana. 

Brayera  (cusso). 

Prunus  virginiana. 

Amygdala. 

Rosa. 

Caffea  arabica. 

Cinchona. 

.  Ipecacuanha. 


38o  FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


ADDENDA.  38 1 


Ruminantia, Musk. 

r  Aurantii. 
Buchu. 


Rutacere, , 

I    Pilocarpus. 

t  Ruta. 


Scitamine?e, < 


Cardamomuni. 
Zingiber. 


Santalacece, Oleum  santali. 

Sapindacea?, Paullinia  sorbilis  (guarana). 

Sterculiacere, Theobroma. 

Styracene, Benzoinum. 

f  Belladonna. 

I    Capsicum. 
Solanacese,      \    Hyoscyamus. 

j   Stramonium. 

[  Tabacum. 

Thymelaeaceae, Mezereum. 

Ternstroemiacea% Camellia  thea  (Thea  sinensis 

{Cannabis  indica. 
Humulus. 
Ulmus. 
f  Ammoniacum. 
Anisum. 
Asafoetida. 
Carum. 
Conium. 
Coriandrum. 
Foeniculum. 
Petroselinum  sativum. 

Valerianese, Valeriana. 

Zygophylleae, Guaiaci. 


Umbellifera', 


3^- 


FOR    THERAPEUTIC    NOTES. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

ABBREVIATIONS,   .   .    .  61-66 

Absorbents, 349 

Acacia, 325 

Aceta,  list  of, 97 

Acetanilid 237 

N Acetic  acid, 18 
^conite, 17 

Active  principles, 119 

Adeps, 333 

Adonidine, 173 

Administration 71    ^l 

Adjuvant, i^>^A. 

iEther, 

Alcohol, 167' 

Alkaloids,  doses  of 119 

definition  of,  .    .    .    .119 

Allium, 309 

Allspice, 247 

Aloes,    275 

Alteratives, 209,  125 

Altheae, 329 

'^iAlum, 193 

^iMiA^merican  worm-seed, 341 

Ammonia, 165 

Ammoniacum, 305 

Ammonium  chloride 305 

Amyl  nitrite, 159 

Anesthetics, 123,  137 

Anise, 253 

Antacids, 337 

Anthelmintics, 339 

Anthemis, 259 

Antidotes, 183,359 

Antifebrin, 237 

Antimony, 173 

Antiperiodics, 125 

Antipyretics, .    .  12s 

Antipyrin 235 

Antispasmodics 123 

Apiol, 313 


PAGB 

Apomorphine 263 

Apothecaries'  measure,   ....    17 

weight, 17 

Aquae,  list  of,  .    .    .    ., 91 

Aristol, 217 

mica, 177 

Aromatics,  .  • 243 

Argentum, 199 

Arrowroot, 331 

Arsenic, 211 

safoetida, 131 

perma, 163 

Ifjiipidium, 343 

^  ^Astringents, 125,183 

Atropine, 15' 

Aurantii  cortex, 253 

flores,   . 255 

Auri  et  sodii  chloriduni 215 

Average  doses, 117 

Azedarach 341 


BALM, 259 

Balsam  of  Peru, 307 

of  Tolu, 307 

Barley,     33' 

^Basham's  mixture, 203 

Basis,    . 13 

Bearberry, 293 

Belladonna, 149 

Benzoic  acid, 235 

Benzoinum, 235,307 

Beta-naphtol, 357 

Bismuth, 195 

Black  cohosh 135 

Black  snakeroot 135 

Blatta, 287 

Bloodroot, 263 

Blue  mass, 211 

Blue  ointment 211 


383 


384 


INDEX. 


PAGB 

Boneset, 241 

Borax,  355 

Boric  acid, 355 

Bougia, 115 

Brimstone, 271 

Bromide  of  potassium,        .    .    .157 

of  ammonium 157 

of  lithium, 157 

of  sodium, 157 

Bromine, 323 

Bromoform, 139 

Broom,      287 

Brucine, 155 

Bucicthorn, 269 

Buchu, 293 

Butternut, 275 

CACAO  BUTTER,      ....  333 

Cachets, 115 

Cachous, 115 

Caffeine 169 

Calamus, 259 

Calcium, 339 

Calisaya  bark, 223 

Calomel 211 

Calumba,      241 

Cambogia, 283 

Camphor, 131 

Cannabis  indica, 149 

Cantharides, 319 

Capsicum, 247 

Caraway, 251 

Carbolic  acid, 229,363 

Cardamon, 247 

Cardiac  depressants 125 

stimulants, 125 

Cardiants, 123 

Carum,      251 

Caryophyllus, 245 

Cascara  sagrada, 269 

Cascarilla, 261 

Cassia  fistula, 267 

Castor  oil, 271 

Catechu, 187 

Cathartics, 265 

Cera, 333 

Cerates, 105 

Cerii  oxalas, 197 

Cetaceum, 333 

Cetraria, 327 

Chamomile, 259 

Charcoal, 349 

Chartae, 113 

Chenopodium 341 


PAGB 

Chimaphila, 295 

Chirata, 243 

Chondrus, 327 

Chloral 14^ 

Chromic  acid, 323 

Chlorinated  lime, 353 

Chlorine, 353 

Chloroform 139 

Ciniicifuga, 135 

Cinchona, 223 

Cinchonine, 225 

test  for, 227 

Cinnamon, 243 

Citric  acid, 179 

Clark's  rule, 73 

i    Classification  of  drugs,    .    .    .    .121 

I    Cloves, 245 

!    Coca, 153 

j    Cocaine,  ........     141,  153 

I    Codeine, 145 

Cod-liver  oil, 217 

Colchicum, 219 

Collodion, 335,  115 

Colocynth, 281 

Combination  of  medicines,     .   .    77 

Compound  cathartic  pill,    .   .    .  281 

prescriptions,    ...    11 

spirits  of  ether,    .    .  133 

Confections, 103 

Conium, 163 

Convallaria, 171 

Copaiba, 299 

Copper, 199 

Copperas, 351 

Coriander, 251 

Corn  ergot, 319 

Corrective, 13 

Corrigent, 13 

Corrosive  sublimate, 351 

Cotton  root  bark,  . 317 

Cowling's  rule, 73 

Cranesbill, 191 

Cream  of  tartar 289 

Creosote, 231 

Croton  oil, 285 

Cubebs, 299 

Cusso, 341 


DANDELION, 223 

Daphnin,      221 

Daturine, 151 

Decoctions,  doses  of, 119 

list  of, 89 

Delirifacients 123 


INDEX. 


385 


PAGE 

Demulcents, 375 

De  Young's  rule, 73 

Depresso-motors, 125 

KDewees'  carminative, 131 

Diaphoretics, 301 

Digestants, 345 

Digitalis, 169 

Diluents, 335 

Directions  to  druggist,     .    .    .  61-66 

Disinfectants, 349 

Dispensatory, 87 

Diuretics, 285 

Domestic  measures 19 

Donovan's  solution, 211 

Doses,  average 117 

calculation  of,    ...    .  33-37 

Dover's  powder 143 

Dragees 115 

Drastics, 279 

Drops,  size  of, 21 

ELATERIN, 283 

Elixirs,  list  of, 101 

Emetics, 261-265 

Emetine 261 

Emmenagogues, 311 

Emollients, 331 

Emulsions,  dose  of, 117 

list  of, 95 

Enema, 115 

English  measure 17 

weights, 17 

Epispastics, 319 

Epsom  salt. 271 

Ergot,    . 315 

Errhines, 319 

Escharotics, 323 

Eserine, 157 

Ether, 137 

Ethyl  chloride 141 

Eucainc 141 

Eucalyptus, 227 

Euonymus 269 

Eupatorium, .    .  241 

Excipients, 13 

Excito-motors 123 

Expectorants, 303 

Extracts,  doses  of 117 

list  of 105 

Extraneous  remedies, 127 

FENNEL, 249 

Flaxseed, 329 


PAGB 

FUiid  extracts,  dose  of,   .    .    .    .117 
list  of,  .    .   .  107-109 

Foenlculum 249 

Fowler's  solution, 211 

Frangula, 267 


GALLA, 185 

Gallic  acid,      185 

Gamboge, 283 

Garlic,  _. 309 

Gelsemium, i6i 

General  remedies, 123 

Gentian, 239 

Geranium, 191 

Ginger, 249 

Glauber's  salt, 277 

Glonoinum,     .   .       159 

Glucoside, 119 

Glycerin, 331 

Glycerites, 99 

Glycyrrhiza, 327 

Gold  and  sodium  chloride,     .    .  215 

;    Golden  seal, 239 

j    Gossypii  radicis  cortex,  .    .    .    .317 

Grammar, 43-59 

Granatum, 345 

Granulum, 115 

Grindelia, 305 

Guaiac, 221 

Gum  Arabic, ...  325 


H^ffilMATOXYLON,    ....  189 

Hedeoma, 315 

Hemlock, 163 

Henbane, 153 

Hive  syrup 287 

Hoffmann's  anodyne,  ....  133 

Homatropine, 151 

Hops, 135 

Hordeum, 331 

Humulus 135 

Hydrargyrum, 211 

Hydrastis,       239 

Hydrobromic  acid,   .    .    .      157,161 

Hydrochloric  acid, 207 

Hydrocyanic  acid, 179 

Hydrogen  dioxide, 357 

Hyoscine 147,  153 

Hyoscyamus, 153 


ICELAND  MOSS, 327 

Ichthyol, 223 


386 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Ignatia, 155 

Incompatibles, 77 

Infusions,  doses  of, 89 

list  of, 119 

Inscription, 11 

Iodine .  215 

Iodoform 217 

lodol, .       ...  217 

Ipecac,     .   .       261 

Irish  moss, 327 

Iron, 201 

JABORANDI, 301 

Jalap,    .    .        279 

James   powders, 175 

Jamestown  weed, 151 

Juglans, 275 

Juniper, 295 

KAMALA, :i45 

Kino, 187 

Krameria, 189 

LABARRAQUE'S    SOLU- 
TION,      355 

Lactic  acid, 209 

Lactucarium, 135 

Lady  Webster's  pill, 273 

Lanolin, 331 

Lard .    .  333 

Laughing  gas, 137 

Laudanum, 141 

Laxatives, 265 

Lavender,    .    .    ; 255 

Lead, 193 

Lettuce  opium, 135 

Levant  worm  seed, 341 

Lime, 351 

Liniments, 113 

Linum,      329 

Liquor  ammonii  acetatis,       .    .  303 

gutta-percha 337 

Liquores,  list  of, 89 

Liquorice, 327 

Lithium, 291 

Lobelia, 159 

Logwood,        189 

Local  remedies, 125-127 

Lunar  caustic, 199 

Lupulinum 135 

Lugol's  solution, 215 


PAGE 

MAGNESIA, 269 

Male  fern, 343 

Malt, 347 

Manganese, 205 

Manna, 267 

Maranta, 331 

Marshmallow 329 

Materia  medica,    . 85 

Mfttico, 301 

May  apple, 283 

Melissa, 259 

Mellita, 99 

Mentha  piperita, 257 

viridis, 257 

Menthol, 231 

Mercury, 211 

Metric  system, 23-27 

Mezereum, 221 

Mistura,  doses  of, 119 

list  of, 95 

Monsel's  solution, 203 

Morphine,    .    .        145 

Moschus, 129 

Mucilagines, 95       / 

Musk, 129  V^ 

Mustard, 321 

Myristica, 245 

NAPHTALINE, 355 

Naphtol, 357 

Narceine, 141 

Narcotine, 141 

Natural  orders,  list  of,     .    .373-381 

Nervines, 123,  129 

Nicotine, 161 

Nitric  acid,      207 

Nitrite  of  amyl, 159 

Nitroglycerin, 159 

Nitrohydrochloric  acid,  ....  207 

Nitrogen  monoxide, 137  • 

Nitrous  oxide, 137 

Norwood's  tincture 175 

Numerals, 67 

Nutmeg, 245 

Nutrients 123 

Nux  vomica, 155 

OIL  OF  CAJUPUT,   ....  251 

erigeron, 295 

sandalwood, 297 

sassafras 253 

vitriol, 205 

wintergreen, 233 


INDEX. 


387 


PAGE 

Oils,  doses  of, 119 

list  of, 99 

test  for, 101 

Ointments, 105 

Oleoresinse,  list  of 101 

Oleum  cajuputi, 251 

erigerontis, 295 

gaultheriae,       233 

morrhuae,      217 

ricini, 271 

santali, 297 

sassafras, 253 

theobromatis,  .    .  .    .  333 

tiglii, 285 

Opium,      141 

poisoning, 369 

Orange  flowers 255 

peel, 253 

Oxalate  of  cerium 197 

Oxalic  acid, 181 

Oxytocics, 315 

PANCREATIN, 347 

Papain, 347 

Papers, 113 

Paraldehyde, 147 

Paregoric 141 

Pareira, 293 

Pellitory, 319 

Pennyroyal, 315 

Pepo, 343 

Pepper  (black),      247 

(red), .247 

Peppermint, 257 

Pepsin,     .    .        347 

Pepsmum  saccharatum 347 

Permanganate  of  potassium,     .  353 

Pesoaria, 115 

Petrolatum, 335 

Pharmacology, 85 

Pharmacopoeia, 87 

Pharmacy, 87 

Phenacetine 237 

Phenic  acid, 229 

Phenylic  acid, 229 

Phosphoric  acid, 217 

Phosphorus, 209,  369 

Physiologic  action, 85 

Physostigma,      157 

Picric  acid, 229 

Pills, Ill 

Pilocarpus, 301 

Pilulae, Ill 

Pimenta, 247 


PAGE 

Pinkroot,      .    .       339 

Piper, 247 

Piperazine, 291 

Piperine, 247 

Pipsissewa, 295 

Pix  burgundica, 321 

Pix  liquida, 311 

Plasters m 

Plumbum, 193 

Plummer's  pills, 175 

Podophyllum, 283 

Poisons, 359,  375 

Pomegranate, 345 

Potassii  etsodii  tartras,   .    .    .    .279 

Potassium, 289 

permanganate,  .    .    .  353 

Powders, 113 

Prescriptions, 9-11 

Protectives, 335 

Prunus  Virginiana, 241 

Pulveres ....113 

Pulvis  efliervescens  compositus,  279 

Pumpkin  seed, 343 

Purges, 271 

Pyrethrum, 319 

QUASSIA 237 

Quercus  alba,      189 

Quinidine, 225 

tests  for, 227 

Quinine, 225 

tests  for, 227 

RED  PEPPER, 247 

Resinae .    .  103 

Resorcin, 233 

Rhamus  frangula, 269 

purshiana 267 

Rhatany, 189 

Rheum, 273 

Rhubarb, 273 

Rhus  glabra, 193 

Rochelle  salt, 279 

Roses, 189   191 

Rosemary, 257 

Rubefacients,      ^    .  321 

Rue, 313 

Ruta, 313 

SABINE, 313 

Sage, 255 


388 


INDEX. 


PAGB 

Sago. 33' 

Salicin, 235 

Salicylic  acid,     . 233 

Salol, 235 

Salvia, 255 

Sanguinaria, 263 

Santonica, 341 

Santonin, 341 

Sarsaparilla, 219 

Sassafras, 221 

medulla, 329 

pith, 329 

Savine, 313 

Scammony, 281 

Scilla, 285 

Scoparius, 287 

Seidlitz  powder, 279 

Senega, 305 

Senna,  277 

Serpentaria, 259 

Sialagogues, 319 

Signature, 11 

Silver 199 

Simple  bitters, 237 

Sinapis  alba, 321 

nigra, 321 

Slippery  elm,      325 

Sodii  boras 355 

pkosphas,     277 

sulphas, 277 

Sodium, 337 

Solutions 89 

Somnifacients, 123 

Spanish  flies, 319 

Sparteine, 173 

Spearmint, 257 

Spermaceti, .    .  333 

Spigelia, 339 

Spirit  of  Mindererus,  .   ,     165,  303 
of  nitroglycerin,     ....  159 

Spirits,         91 

Spiritus  aetheris  compositus,     .133 
nitrosi,  .     289,  303 

frumenti, 167 

glonoini, 159 

odoratus 169 

vini  gallici, 167 

Squill, 285 

Stomachics, 237 

Stramonium, 151 

Strontium, 293 

Strophanthus, 171 

Strychnine 155 

test  for, 155 

Subscription, 11 


PAGE 

Sulphate  of  copper, 191 

of  zinc, 197 

Sulphonal, 147 

Sulphur, 271 

Sulphuric  acid, 205 

Sulphurous  acid, 335 

Sumach, 193 

Superscription, 11 

Suppositories^ , 103 

Sweet  flag.  259 

Sweet  spirits  of  nitre, 289 

Syrups,  list  of, 97 

doses  of, 119 

TABACUM, 161 

Tamarinds, 267 

Tanacetum 315 

Tannic  acid, 183 

Tansy, 315 

Tapioca, 331 

Tar 311 

Taraxacum 223 

Tartar  emetic, 173 

Tartaric  acid, 179 

Terebene, 311 

Tetronal 147 

Terebintha, 297 

canadensis 299 

Therapeutics, 87 

Thoroughwort, 241 

Theobromine, 287 

Thymol 231 

Tinctures,  list  of,       9»-93 

doses  of, 117 

Tobacco, 161 

Tonics, 125.  201 

Traumaticine, 337 

Tragacanth, 325 

Trional, 147 

Troches, 103 

Tropacocaine 153 

TuUy's  powder, 145 

Turpentine, 297,  345 

Turpeth  mineral, 213 

ULMUS, 325 

Unguenta, 105 

Ustilago, ■    •  3'7 

Uva  ursi, 293 

VALERIAN 129 

Vallet's  mass, 203 


INDEX. 


389 


PAGE 

Vaseline, 335 

Vegetable  acids, 179 

Vehicle 13 

Veratrina, 177 

Veratroidine 175 

Veratrum  viride, 175 

Vina, 99 

Vinegars, 181 

Virginia  snake  root, 259 

Vitriol,  blue, 199 

green 203 

oil  of, 205 

white, 197 

WATERS, 91 

Wahoo, 269 

Warburg's  tincture, 227 


PAGE 

Weights  and  measures,   .   .   ,  23-37 

Whisky 167 

White  oak 189 

White  wax, 333 

White  wine, 167 

Wild-cherry  bark, 241 

Wine  measure, 19 

Wines, 99 

YELLOW  CINCHONA,  .   .  223 

Yellowjasmine, 161 

Yellow  wax, 333 

ZEAMAYS 297 

5!"^.V »97 

Zinziber, 249 


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